Transformations of Turkish Foreign Policy During the Cold War

Transkript

1 Transformations of Turkish Foreign Policy During the Cold War

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3 Nurettin Alphan Tuncer Transformations of Turkish Foreign Policy During the Cold War

4 Bibliografische Informationen der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über abrufbar Zugl.: Münster (Westf.) Univ., Diss. der Rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultät, 2014 D 6 Foto auf dem Umschlag: Transformations von Alphan Tuncer ISBN Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin Olaf Gaudig & Peter Veit GbR / Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung, auch einzelner Teile, ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig. Dies gilt insbesondere für fotomechanische Vervielfältigung sowie Übernahme und Verarbeitung in EDV-Systemen. Druck und Bindung: SDL Digitaler Buchdruck, Berlin Printed in Germany 78,00

5 Table of Contents Acknowledgements... 7 List of Tables and Figures List of Abbreviations Introduction Review of the existing literature The introduction of the alternative: Coxian critical theory and the method of historical structures The method of historical structures and the Cold War The aim of the research and the research arguments Methodology Structure of the dissertation Theoretical Framework Historiography of the critical theory approach to International Relations Robert W. Cox and the critique of the mainstream The alternative: Coxian critical theory The method of historical structures, step I: Understanding and identifying Hegemonic and non-hegemonic historical structures The method of historical structures, step II: Explaining Production processes and the social forces The concept of state/society complex Historic bloc Organic intellectuals Hegemonic (strong) and non-hegemonic (weak) state/ society complexes Hegemony, world orders and passive revolution Summary Locating the Cold War

6 3.1 The pax britannica and the longue durée of capitalist production relations The era of rival imperialisms The Cold War and the pax americana The hegemonic phase of pax americana (1945 to late 1960s) The crisis of postwar hegemony (the late 1960s to late1970s) The third phase: Transformation and the Second Cold War ( ) Summary Historical Background: The Turkish State/Society Complex and its Foreign Policy Before the Cold War ( ) The coming of the Republic: The changing world orders and the national liberation movement ( ) Enter the fundamentals: The foreign policy of the nationalist movement The Kemalist Republic ( ) The new historic bloc The covert world, secret societies and the subjugated social forces Kemalism as the ideology of a passive revolution The foreign policy of the Kemalist Republic ( ) Decision making structures and its main guidelines Turkish foreign policy during the interwar years ( ) Turkish foreign policy during the Second World War ( ) Summary Turkey and the Cold War, Phase I: Entry into the Pax Americana ( ) The transitional phase ( ): The CHP years The consolidation phase: The era of the Democrat Party ( ) The rise of the DP ( ) ) Turkish foreign policy,

7 5.3.1 Decision making structures and the main actors The political and military/security dimension of Turkish foreign policy ( ) The CHP years ( ) The DP years ( ) The economic dimension of Turkish foreign policy ( ) The CHP years ( ) The DP years ( ) The cultural dimension of Turkish foreign policy ( ) The CHP years ( ) The DP years ( ) Summary Turkey and the Cold War, Phase II: The Second Republic ( ), Part I: The Era of The establishment of the Second Republic and the transformation of the Turkish state/society complex Domestic politics of the Second Republic ( ) Transitory phase ( ) The AP period ( ) Turkish foreign policy, Decision making structures and the main actors The political and military/security dimension of Turkish foreign policy ( ) The Interregnum ( ) The transition period ( ) The Cyprus problem and the introduction of the diversified foreign policy approach ( ) The AP years ( ) The economic dimension of Turkish foreign policy ( ) The cultural dimension of Turkish foreign policy ( ) Summary Turkey and the Cold War, Phase II: The Second Republic ( ), Part II: The Era of

8 7.1 The domestic politics of the Second Republic: The second phase ( ) The Interregnum (March 1971 January 1974) The CHP/MSP coalition and the Irmak government (January 1974 March 1975) The Nationalist Front governments (March 1975 January 1978) The Ecevit coalition (January 1978 November 1979) Turkish foreign policy, The political and military/security dimension of Turkish foreign policy ( ) The Interregnum (March 1971 January 1974) The CHP/MSP coalition (January November 1974) The interim Sadi Irmak government (October 1974 March 1975) The Nationalist Front governments (March 1975 January 1978) The CHP coalition government (January 1978 December 1979) The economic dimension of Turkish foreign policy ( ) The Interregnum (March 1971 January 1974) Emerging crisis ( ) The CHP coalition government (January 1978 November 1979) The cultural dimension of Turkish foreign policy ( ) Summary Turkey and the Cold War, Phase III: The end of the Second Republic and the Third Republic ( ) The Demirel minority government and the path to the coup The coup and the construction of the Third Republic The main characteristics and the central ideology of the military junta The junta in action: The emergence of a new historic bloc The 1982 constitution and the new form of state

9 8.2.4 The domestic policies of the junta (September 1980 December 1983) The ANAP years (December 1983 November 1989) Turkish foreign policy, Decision making structures and the main actors The political and military/security dimension of Turkish foreign policy ( ) The economic dimension of Turkish foreign policy ( ) The cultural dimension of Turkish foreign policy ( ) Summary Conclusion General overview Main conclusions derived from the empirical research Contributions of the research Theoretical contributions Contributions to the critical theory perspective Contributions to the literature on Turkish politics and Turkish foreign policy Limitations and recommendations for future research Bibliography Internet Resources Online Newspaper Articles