Principal parts of verbs & verb groups

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1 Principal parts of verbs & verb groups In English, the principle parts of verbs are Infinitive/Present, Past, Past Participle. Examples: sing, sang, sung; write, wrote, written; learn, learned, learned; bring, brought, brought. In German they are the same: kommen, kam, ist gekommen; singen, sang, gesungen; spielen, spielte, gespielt; bringen, brachte, gebracht; ziehen, zog, gezogen. Additionally, for those verbs that change the du- and er/sie/es/man-form in the present tense, this form is cited after the infin-pres: lesen, liest, las, gelesen; halten, hält, hielt, gehalten. If only three forms are listed, they are ALWAYS the same principle parts as in English. If four, the 2nd is always the du/er-vowel of the present tense. It is helpful to group verbs that are conjugated similarly as a memory aid. (Remember: The more of these that can be memorized ASAP, the better off you ll be. Keep reviewing once you have learned them, too!). In this chart, underlined forms have consonant or other slight changes to keep in mind. Variants of the basic verb are ALWAYS conjugated the same way: stehen, verstehen, bestehen, vorstehen, auferstehen; stand, verstand, bestand, stand vor, erstand auf; hat gestanden, hat verstanden, hat bestanden, hat vorgestanden, ist auferstanden; etc. etc. etc. Some variants you may know are listed under basic verbs in the list. Note that choice of haben or sein depends on MEANING (sein for change of location or condition by subject) and may not be the same as the basic verb (cf. IST auferstanden = rose up from the dead: change of condition). Sein-verbs have ist before their past participle in the list; all others can be assumed to be haben-verbs. (* See p. 3 for verbs with ß vs. ss.) STRONG (Irregular) Verbs/STARKE (unregelmäßige) Verben ALL have vowel changes but NEVER have t-endings in past (use -ø,-st,-ø; -en,-t,-en) a - ä - u - a backen, bäckt, backte (buk is archaic), gebacken fahren, fährt, fuhr, ist gefahren Í mitfahren; abfahren; einfahren; hinfahren laden, lädt, lud, geladen Í einladen schlagen, schlägt, schlug, geschlagen tragen, trägt, trug, getragen wachsen, wächst, wuchs, ist gewachsen Í aufwachsen waschen, wäscht, wusch, gewaschen Í abwaschen bake go (by vehicle)/drive Í go along; leave/drive off; arrive/roll in; go there load Í invite hit/strike/beat carry/wear grow/wax (as the moon) Í grow up/reach adulthood wash Í wash up/do dishes a - ä - ie/i - a; au - äu - ie - au braten, brät, briet, gebraten roast/fry fallen, fällt, fiel, ist gefallen fall Í hinfallen; gefallen Í fall down; be pleasing fangen, fängt, fing, gefangen catch Í anfangen Í begin/start halten, hält, hielt, gehalten hold/keep/stop Í anhalten; erhalten Í stop; receive hängen (older: hangen), hing, gehangen hang/be hanging (intransitive) lassen, lässt, ließ, gelassen* let/leave/allow/permit Í zurücklassen; verlassen* Í leave behind; leave (sthg or someone) laufen, läuft, lief, ist gelaufen run/go on foot/walk Í weglaufen; zurücklaufen Í run away; run back raten, rät, riet, geraten give counsel/give advice Í beraten Í advise (someone) schlafen, schläft, schlief, geschlafen sleep Quiz 1: wk vbs (p. 5) Í einschlafen Í fall asleep & this page to here

2 ei - ie/i - ie/i (past & p.p. always the same) beißen, biss, gebissen* bite bleiben, blieb, ist geblieben stay/remain DISTINGUISH: Í übrigbleiben Í be left over ie & ei!! leihen, lieh, geliehen lend reiten, ritt, ist geritten ride (a horse) scheiden, schied, geschieden separate/divorce scheinen, schien, geschienen shine/seem/appear schneiden, schnitt, geschnitten cut Í abschneiden; wegschneiden Í cut off; cut away schreiben, schrieb, geschrieben write Í beschreiben; abschreiben; vorschreiben Í describe; copy/cheat (on tests); proscribe steigen, stieg, ist gestiegen go up/climb/rise Í aufsteigen; einsteigen, aussteigen Í climb up/mount; get in, get out (vehicles) streiten, stritt, gestritten fight/argue treiben, trieb, getrieben drive/force/do (sports) vergleichen, verglich, verglichen compare 2 Exception!: heißen, hieß, geheißen* be called/call/name i - a - o beginnen, begann, begonnen begin/start gewinnen, gewann, gewonnen win/gain schwimmen, schwamm, ist geschwommen swim Quiz 2 to here i - a - u binden, band, gebunden Í verbinden finden, fand, gefunden klingen, klang, geklungen singen, sang, gesungen sinken, sank, ist gesunken Í versinken springen, sprang, ist gesprungen stinken, stank, gestunken trinken, trank, getrunken Í ertrinken; austrinken verschwinden, verschwand, ist verschwunden i/ie - a - e bitten, bat, gebeten sitzen, saß, gesessen* Í besitzen; herumsitzen liegen, lag, gelegen ie/e - o - o biegen, bog, gebogen Í abbiegen; einbiegen bieten, bot, geboten Í anbieten; gebieten; verbieten fliegen, flog, ist geflogen Í abfliegen; wegfliegen; hinfliegen bind/tie/fasten Í connect find/consider sound/ring/resound sing sink/go down (sun) Í sink/go under (ship) jump/spring/hop stink/reek drink Í drown; drink up disappear ask/request sit/be sitting (intransitive) Í own/possess; sit around lie/be lying (intransitive) bend/arch/bow Í turn off (a road); turn into (a road) offer/make an offer Í offer; command/order; forbid/not allow fly Í leave/fly off; fly away; go there (by air) Quiz 3 to here

3 ie/e - o - o (continued) fliehen, floh, ist geflohen fließen, floss, ist geflossen* frieren, fror, gefroren gießen, goss, gegossen* heben, hob, gehoben riechen, roch, gerochen schießen, schoss, geschossen* schließen, schloss, geschlossen* Í beschließen; ab-; zuschließen; verschließen verlieren, verlor, verloren e - i/ie - a - e essen, isst, aß, gegessen* fressen, frisst, fraß, gefressen* people) geben, gibt, gab, gegeben Í mitgeben; vergeben geschehen, geschieht, geschah, ist geschehen lesen, liest, las, gelesen sehen, sieht, sah, gesehen Í ansehen; zusehen; übersehen (insep.) vergessen, vergisst, vergaß, vergessen* flee/run away flow/run/course freeze/be cold pour/water lift/heave smell shoot close/end Í decide; close off/finish; lock; close up/lock lose eat eat (said of animals), pig out/ scarf (of give (es gibt + Acc = there is/are) Í hand out/give to take along; forgive happen/occur read see Í look at; watch/spectate; overlook forget 3 * Reminder about -ß and -ss-: According to the new spelling law that recently went into effect, ss is written after ALL short vowels in any position, ß ONLY after long vowels/diphthongs. See verbs marked with * in list for examples; pronounce them accordingly, with a long or short vowel! (Formerly, the rule was: between two vowels, one wrote -ss- if the first was short; one wrote ß if first vowel was long or a diphthong; always ß at end of word/syllable or before a consonant (usually t). Easier to remember is this: One ALWAYS wrote ß EXCEPT between two vowels when first vowel was short.) e - i/ie - a o brechen, bricht, brach, gebrochen empfehlen, empfiehlt, empfahl, empfohlen helfen, hilft, half, geholfen nehmen, nimmt, nahm, genommen sprechen, spricht, sprach, gesprochen Í besprechen; versprechen stehlen, stiehlt, stahl, gestohlen sterben, stirbt, starb, ist gestorben Í aussterben treffen, trifft, traf, getroffen Í betreffen werden, wird, wurde, ist geworden (ward is archaic but common in older texts) break recommend help/aid/give assistance take speak/talk Í discuss; promise steal die Í die out/become extinct meet/encounter/run into Í concern/be of concern to become/get Quiz 4 to here Exceptions!: gehen, ging, ist gegangen go/walk Í weggehen; mitgehen, etc. Í go away; go along, etc. stehen, stand, gestanden stand/be standing Í verstehen; bestehen; bestehen aus Í understand; exist; consist of

4 4 Miscellaneous group (learn individually!) kommen, kam, ist gekommen come/arrive Í bekommen; ankommen; hinkommen; mitkommen Í get/receive; arrive; get to/get there; come along rufen, rief, hat gerufen call/yell/cry out Í anrufen; zurückrufen; ausrufen Í call up/phone; call back; exclaim/cry out sein, ist, war, ist gewesen be (am/is/are; was/were; has been) stoßen, stößt, stieß, gestoßen* bump/strike/hit Í zusammenstoßen* Í collide tun, tat, getan do ziehen, zog, ist/hat gezogen (with haben:) pull/draw Í einziehen; ausziehen; umziehen; anziehen Í pull in; pull out; pull around; pull on (last 3, for clothing:) take off; change; put on (with sein:) move Í (1st 3) move in; move out; move (chg residence) Quiz 5 to here MIXED Verbs/GEMISCHTE (unregelmäßige schwache) Verben DO have vowel change, but ALWAYS T-endings in past (-te,-test,-te; -ten,-tet,-ten) (Note: modals have present form given too) brennen, brannte, gebrannt Í verbrennen bringen, brachte, gebracht Í verbringen denken, dachte, gedacht dürfen, darf, durfte, gedurft haben, hat, hatte, gehabt (changes vowel in subjunctive) kennen, kannte, gekannt können, kann, konnte, gekonnt mögen, mag, mochte, gemocht müssen, muss, musste, gemusst* nennen, nannte, genannt rennen, rannte, ist gerannt senden, sandte, gesandt (also weak) sollen, soll, sollte, gesollt (no vowel change: actually weak) wissen, weiß, wusste, gewusst* (similar to modals) wollen, will, wollte, gewollt burn/be on fire Í burn up bring/provide Í spend (time) think be allowed/may/can/be permitted have know/be familiar with be able/can/know how to like/may have to/must name/call run send be supposed to/should/ought to know (a fact, know that ) want to/intend to/claim to Note that the vowel and any consonant changes are in BOTH the past and the past participle (except for irregular haben). The change is the same in the past as in the past participle. This group is VERY LIMITED. If you know the above, there are very few others you will ever have to learn that fit in this category. Quiz 6 to here Last one!

5 WEAK (Regular) VERBS/SCHWACHE (regelmäßige) Verben NEVER change vowels, ALWAYS T-endings in past (-te,-test,-te; -ten,-tet,-ten) These verbs are ToTally predictable 5 The pattern is ALWAYS: -en, -(e)te, ge- -(e)t (Extra -e- if stem ends in -t, -d, consonant cluster. See items marked with # in list below for examples.) (Quiz 1 includes WEAK VBS) lernen, lernte, gelernt learn/study Í kennenlernen Í to meet/get to know/become acquainted besuchen, besuchte, besucht visit spielen, spielte, gespielt play Í mitspielen Í play along schulden, schuldete, geschuldet # owe baden, badete, gebadet # bathe/swim zeichnen, zeichnete, gezeichnet # draw/sketch Í auszeichnen # Í distinguish füllen, füllte, gefüllt fill Í ausfüllen Í fill out/complete (a form) räumen, räumte, geräumt clear/make room Í aufräumen; abräumen Í straighten up (room); clear away erzählen, erzählte, erzählt tell/relate/recount reisen, reiste, ist gereist travel Í abreisen; verreisen Í leave on a trip; go/be on a trip antworten, antwortete, geantwortet # answer/give a response enden, endete, geendet # end/finish passieren, passierte, ist passiert* happen/occur studieren, studierte, studiert N.B. NO ge-! go to the university/study (as a major) finanzieren, finanzierte, finanziert finance ETC. ETC. ETC. Note: ALL -ieren verbs omit the ge- from the past participle. NEVER, EVER change vowels in weak verbs! They wouldn t be regular (predictable) if you did. Assume all verbs are weak (like -ed verbs in English) unless you ve learned them as being strong or mixed. So: if a verb or its compound is not in this list, assume it s weak unless told otherwise. GOOD TIP: You can generally assume any verb that has an umlaut in the infinitive form takes T- endings. All of these are weak except for the modals dürfen, können, mögen, müssen. (Another apparent exception is hängen to be hanging, but this used to be plain hangen in older German. It is a strong verb. There is also a weak version of hängen meaning to hang [something]. It takes the regular T-endings with no vowel changes.) FOR VERBS OF ANY TYPE: Remember that you must look up the base verb if a compound verb is involved. E.g., say you find ENTSTEHEN (to emerge, originate, come into being). You d look up its base verb, STEHEN, and find stehen, stand, hat gestanden. Make the same changes for entstehen: entstehen, entstand, ist entstanden. (Note: You use sein with entstehen because its meaning indicates a change of condition; no ge- in past participle because ent- is an inseparable prefix.)