Future Technologies and Innovation Potentials for Aviation 2050

Transkript

1 Future Technologies and Innovation Potentials for Aviation 2050 Dr. A. Sizmann, Dr. H. Kuhn, Ch. Falter, Prof. Dr. M. Hornung BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr Berlin, 20. Juni 2012

2 Agenda Bauhaus Luftfahrt Longterm renewable energy options Feasibility of electric flight Future concepts BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 2

3 Agenda Bauhaus Luftfahrt Longterm renewable energy options Feasibility of electric flight Future concepts BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 3

4 Core Competencies for Future Mobility Economics and Transportation Visionary Air Transport Systems Core competencies Knowledge Management Future Technologies and Ecology of Aviation BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 4

5 Agenda Bauhaus Luftfahrt Longterm renewable energy options Feasibility of electric flight Future concepts BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 5

6 Berndes, 2003 Hoogwijk, 2003 Hoogwijk, 2005 Smeets, 2007 Beringer, 2008 Dornburg, 2008 Greenpeace, 2008 World Energy Demand (UNDP, 2000) Longterm Renewable Energy Options The long-term substitution of conventional kerosene by sustainable bio-fuel needs a well-performing biomass market, needs a sufficient biomass resource base EJ yr-1 1,600 1,400 1,200 1, Global potentials for primary bio-energy in 2050 and the projected world energy demand F. Riegel, J. Steinsdörfer, Bio-energy in aviation, CEAS, Venice, BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 6

7 Longterm Renewable Energy Options Radiation energy Sunlight CO 2 H 2 CO Fischer- Tropsch C x H y Chemical energy O 2 H 2 O Drop-in fuel (Example: Biofuels) Biomass Solar reactor Radiation energy Photovoltaic panel H 2 Chemical energy Electrical energy Non-drop-in fuel (Example: Hydrogen) Fuel cell O 2 H 2 O Battery Radiation energy Combustion engine/ state-of-the-art turbofan Electrical energy Electrical energy Electrical energy carrier Electric engine BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 7

8 Longterm Renewable Energy Options Radiation energy Sunlight CO 2 H 2 CO Fischer- Tropsch C x H y Chemical energy O 2 H 2 O Drop-in fuel (Example: Biofuels) Biomass Solar reactor Radiation energy Photovoltaic panel H 2 Chemical energy Electrical energy Non-drop-in fuel (Example: Hydrogen) Fuel cell O 2 H 2 O Battery Radiation energy Combustion engine/ state-of-the-art turbofan Electrical energy Electrical energy Electrical energy carrier Electric engine BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 8

9 Paths to Solar Fuels H 2 O CO 2 Electrochemical Photochemical Thermochemical Electrolysis Photosynthesis Biomass gasification/pyrolysis+ Water gas shift Algae Photocatalysis One-step Direct Thermolysis Two-step Metal-oxide redox reactions (CoFe, CeO 2 ) Three-step Sulfur-iodine cycle, UT-3 cycle H 2 CO Syngas (H 2 /CO) Fischer-Tropsch-process C x H y BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 9

10 Paths to Solar Fuels H 2 O CO 2 Electrochemical Photochemical Thermochemical Electrolysis Photosynthesis Biomass gasification/pyrolysis+ Water gas shift Algae Photocatalysis One-step Direct Thermolysis Two-step Metal-oxide redox reactions (CoFe, CeO 2 ) Three-step Sulfur-iodine cycle, UT-3 cycle H 2 CO Syngas (H 2 /CO) Fischer-Tropsch-process C x H y BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 10

11 Solar Thermochemical Syngas Production Two-step solar thermochemical process to produce syngas (H 2 +CO): Reduction with oxygen depleted purge gas at high temperatures (1800K): CeO 2 CeO 2-x + x/2 O 2 Reoxidation with steam and/or carbon dioxide at lower temperatures (1100K): CeO 2-x + x H 2 O CeO 2 + H 2 CeO 2-x + x CO 2 CeO 2 + CO Concentrated sunlight Quartz Window Compound Parabolic Concentrator Alumina Insulation Pourous Ceria Syngas is a precursor for solar kerosene H 2 and/or CO Chueh et al., High-Flux Solar-Driven Thermochemical Dissociation of CO2 and H2O Using Nonstoichiometric Ceria, Science 330, pp (2010) BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 11

12 Comparison with Biofuels Solar-to-kerosene efficiency: Efficiency (Solar to Kerosene) + heat recuperation Future 20% 1.75% 0% η rec 100% 0.015% STL Today 0.3% BTL 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% Future Sunlight-to-liquid (STL) Thermochemistry 20-40% FT 50% Total: 10-20% Biomass-to-liquid (BTL) Photosynthesis 5% Gasification 70% FT 50% Total 1.75% Today BTL,STL: 0.3% BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 12

13 Agenda Bauhaus Luftfahrt Longterm renewable energy options Feasibility of electric flight Future concepts BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 13

14 The Energy Gap of Kerosene vs. Battery Specific energy (by weight) in kwh/kg 56x The energy gap of kerosene vs. battery: a factor of 56 Energy density by volume in kwh/l BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 14

15 The Exergy Gap of Kerosene vs. Battery Specific energy (by weight) in kwh/kg 25x The exergy gap of kerosene vs. battery: a factor of 25 Energy density by volume in kwh/l BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 15

16 The Exergy Gap of Kerosene vs. Future Battery Specific energy (by weight) in kwh/kg 8x The potential exergy gap of kerosene vs. battery: a factor of 8 Energy density by volume in kwh/l BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 16

17 The Exergy Gap of Kerosene vs. Future Battery Specific energy (by weight) in kwh/kg 8x Future capacity, demonstrated at electrode level Li 4.4 Si: 3500 mah/g at C/5 rate [Chan et al., 2008] 2880 mah/g at 5-C rate [Park et al., 2010] Energy density by volume in kwh/l BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 17

18 Specific Power in W/kg Specific Power [W/kg] Electric Flight Feasibility Assessment Pb NiCd High Power Lithium High Energy NiMH NaCl 430 NM 30% efficiency gain New materials and electrode structures 6150 NM Specific Exergy [Wh/kg] 10 3 Specific Exergy in Wh/kg Exergy (useable energy): The energy density is insufficient as feasibility assessment criterion Ragone metrics: Exergy and power densities are the key indicators for electric aircraft feasibility in the comparison of alternative power sources References: [1] A. Sizmann, Fuelling the Climate 2010, Hamburg, [2] H. Kuhn et al., CEAS, Venice, BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 18

19 Relative Power Density Electric Flight Feasibility Assessment Relative Exergy Density Exergy (useable energy): The energy density is insufficient as feasibility assessment criterion Ragone metrics: Exergy and power densities are the key indicators for electric aircraft feasibility in the comparison of alternative power sources Hybridization: energy storage devices each inadequate may be an enabling energy system in combination References: [1] A. Sizmann, Fuelling the Climate 2010, Hamburg, [2] H. Kuhn et al., CEAS, Venice, BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 19

20 Relative Power Density Electric Flight Feasibility Assessment Subsystem 2 Combination (tbd) Subsystem Relative Exergy Density Exergy (useable energy): The energy density is insufficient as feasibility assessment criterion Ragone metrics: Exergy and power densities are the key indicators for electric aircraft feasibility in the comparison of alternative power sources Hybridization: energy storage devices each inadequate may be an enabling energy system in combination References: [1] A. Sizmann, Fuelling the Climate 2010, Hamburg, [2] H. Kuhn et al., CEAS, Venice, BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 20

21 Components and Key Technologies Batteries High power, moderate capacity Lithium battery systems are promising Fuel cells (FC) High energy density of fuel combined with moderate power density of the fuel cell stack Hydrogen conversion in Proton- Exchange-Membrane (PEM) fuel cell Motors and Generators High specific power Cryo-Technologies und High Temperature Superconductivity (HTS) BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 21

22 Hybrid Electric Power System Architectures BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 22

23 Agenda Bauhaus Luftfahrt Longterm renewable energy options Feasibility of electric flight Future concepts BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 23

24 PSC [%] Distributed Propulsion Concepts Good synergy with laminar wing flow Rodriguez (incompr.) Smith (incompr.) Ducted Fan Model (compr.) Goal Reduction of total drag Identification of synergies with electro-mobility Concept studies, holistic optimization embedded fans 12 embedded fans 6 embedded fans = D ing /T Bad synergy with laminar wing flow Boundary layer ingestion (BLI) Propulsive benefits through ingestion of slow boundary layer flow Evaluation of ingestion pressure loss, reduced fuselage drag, and wetted fuselage surface Artist view of regional aircraft with cross-flow fan powered lift system (BHL, Gologan 2009) H.-J. Steiner: Distributed Propulsion and the Propulsive Fuselage Concept, Bauhaus Luftfahrt Symposium 2012 BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 24

25 The Propulsive Fuselage Concept Motivation: Ingestion of the complete fuselage boundary layer 21 % of total drag Possible power savings of 5 10 % BHL BHL Selected as upper bound for boundary layer ingestion potential No circumferential fan distortion High ratio of ingested drag to thrust BHL Technically challenging BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 25

26 Claire-Liner: Vision for Mass Transportation Investigation of an alternative configuration for short-tomedium haul operations in Asia Goal: Significant reduction in emissions and operating cost Critical question: How can the figure of merit, the ratio of payload volume to aircraft drag, be maximised? BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 26

27 Conclusion New longterm renewable energy options: Solar fuels, electricity Potential high-yield pathways, several fuels Sunlight-to-kerosene efficiency: Bio-fuels now 0.3%, future 3%, Solar thermochemical potential of >10% Potential of e-mobility: Potential of zero-emission aircraft Greatest flexibility in the choice of primary energy, potential zero life-cycle emissions Universal electric power usage Challenges High-capacity electric storage (batteries) Hybrid system architecture & optimization BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 27

28 Contact Bauhaus Luftfahrt e.v. Lyonel-Feininger-Straße München Tel.: +49 (0) Fax: +49 (0) mirko.hornung@bauhaus-luftfahrt.net BDL-Forum Energieeffizienz und Klimaschutz im Luftverkehr, Seite 28