Das Fernweh zur Zeit Goethes. 2.1 Expressing Purpose with um zu and damit (Finalsätze mit um... zu und damit) Meaning. Examples

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1 AnsersGE_02 ( ).qxd 8/12/05 1:34 PM Page 332 E I N H E I T2 Das Fernweh zur Zeit Goethes 2.1 Expressing Purpose with um zu and damit (Finalsätze mit um... zu und damit) 2.2 Verbs with Prepositional Complements (Verben mit Präpositionalobjekt) 2.3 da-compounds (da-komposita) 2.4 Simple Past Tense (Präteritum) 2.5 wo-compounds (wo-komposita) 2.1 Expressing Purpose with um zu and damit (Finalsätze mit um... zu und damit) Purpose can be expressed with the construction um zu + infinitive or with the conjunction damit. Meaning damit um zu so that; in order that in order to 1. Ältere Meister nahmen junge Handwerker bei sich auf, damit diese von ihnen lernen konnten. 2. Die Menschen wandern, um in der Natur zu sein. 3. Goethe schrieb Gedichte, um seine Probleme zu verarbeiten. 4. Goethe zog nach Weimar, um in den weimarischen Staatsdienst einzutreten. 5. Goethe reiste nach Italien, um das Land und die Leute kennen zu lernen. 6. Goethe studierte Jura, um seinem Vater nicht zu widersprechen. Older masters took in young craftsmen so that the craftsmen could learn from them. People hike in order to be in nature. Goethe wrote poems in order to come to terms with his problems. Goethe moved to Weimar in order to enter the Weimar civil service. Goethe traveled to Italy in order to get to know the country and its people. Goethe studied law in order not to contradict his father. 332 Anders gedacht: Grammar s

2 AnsersGE_02 ( ).qxd 8/12/05 1:34 PM Page 333 Both damit and um zu express an intention or a purpose. Damit is used if the subject in the main clause is different from the subject in the dependent clause. If the subject of the main clause and of the dependent clause is the same, it is preferable to use um zu. In dependent clauses using damit or um zu, the modal verbs sollen, wollen, möchten, and müssen cannot be used, because their meaning is already implied. Position of zu: 2. Zu is placed between um and the infinitive. It is in second-to-last position. The infinitive is in final position. 3. If the verb has an inseparable prefix, the same rule applies. 4. If the verb has a separable prefix, zu is placed between the prefix and the main verb. This new infinitive is in final position. 5. If the infinitive consists of two verbs, zu is placed between them. Note: Within the um zu + INFINITIVE construction, um is not considered a preposition. The case of the noun is dependent upon either a preposition (if applicable; see 2 [in der Natur] and 4 [in den weimarischen Staatsdienst]) or the infinitive (see 3, 5, and 6: verarbeiten [3] and kennen lernen [5] both take the accusative case; widersprechen [6] is a dative verb). 2.2 Verbs with Prepositional Complements (Verben mit Präpositionalobjekt) German, like English, uses verbs in conjunction with certain prepositions to create specific meanings. Meaning antworten auf (+ acc.) sich beschäftigen mit bestehen aus bitten um danken für denken an (+ acc.) diskutieren über (+ acc.) sich erinnern an (+ acc.) erzählen von sich freuen auf (+ acc.) sich freuen über (+ acc.) sich gewöhnen an (+ acc.) handeln von hoffen auf (+ acc.) sich interessieren für to answer to, reply to to be occupied with, occupy oneself with to consist of to ask for to thank for to think of, have in mind to discuss to remember to tell about, talk about to look forward to to be happy about to get used to, become accustomed to to deal with, be about to hope for to be interested in Einheit 2 333

3 AnsersGE_02 ( ).qxd 8/12/05 1:34 PM Page 334 lachen über (+ acc.) leiden an (+ dat.) schreiben an (+ acc.) schreiben über (+ acc.) sprechen über (+ acc.) sprechen von suchen nach teilnehmen an (+ dat.) vergleichen mit sich verlieben in (+ acc.) (sich) vorbereiten auf (+ acc.) warten auf (+ acc.) zweifeln an (+ dat.) to laugh at to suffer from to write to to write about to speak about, talk about to speak about, speak of to look for to participate in to compare with to fall in love with to prepare (oneself) for to wait for to doubt, have doubts about 1. Eine Oper besteht aus mehreren Akten. 2. Der junge Werther schrieb viele Briefe an seinen Freund Wilhelm. 3. Er sprach viel mit seinem Freund über Lotte. 4. Er hat sich in Lotte verliebt. An opera consists of several acts. The young Werther wrote a lot of letters to his friend Wilhelm. He talked to his friend a lot about Lotte. He fell in love with Lotte. 1. The verb forms a unit with the prepositional complement. 2. Some verbs with a prepositional complement require an additional object. The additional object comes before the prepositional complement. 3. Some verbs require two prepositional complements. In general, a dative prepositional complement comes before an accusative prepositional complement. 4. Many reflexive verbs require a prepositional complement. (For the placement of sich, see Einheit 5, Section 5.1). Prepositions used as verbal complements take the accusative or dative case. Accusative prepositions take the accusative case (Einheit 1, Section 1.10), dative prepositions take the dative case (Einheit 1, Section 1.11). The location/movement rule determining case after two-way prepositions does not apply when prepositions are used as verbal complements. Therefore, it is important to learn the verb, the preposition, and the case together as a unit. There are, however, some guidelines for prepositions as verbal complements: The preposition über always takes an accusative object. The preposition auf almost always takes an accusative object. 334 Anders gedacht: Grammar s

4 AnsersGE_02 ( ).qxd 8/12/05 1:34 PM Page da-compounds (da-komposita) Da-compounds are compound words that consist of the prefix da + (r) + PREPOSITION. They are used in conjunction with verbs with prepositional complements. Forms da + (r) + PREPOSITION daran dafür danach davon darauf dagegen daneben davor daraus dahinter darüber dazu dabei darin darum dazwischen dadurch damit darunter There are a few prepositions that cannot form a da-compound: bis, ohne, and wider (with accusative case) and außer, gegenüber, and seit (with dative case). 1. Der Briefroman Die Leiden des jungen Werther handelt davon, dass Werther sich in Lotte verliebt. 2. Goethe dachte möglicherweise selbst daran, wie Werther, Selbstmord zu begehen. 3. Goethe schreibt über eine unglückliche Liebe. 4. a. Schreibt Werther über die Liebe? Ja, er schreibt darüber. The epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther is about Werther falling in love with Lotte. It is possible that Goethe thought about committing suicide himself, like Werther. Goethe writes about an unhappy love. Does Werther write about love? Yes, he writes about it. b. Schreibt Werther über Lotte? Ja, er schreibt über sie. 5. Goethes Werther hatte viele Suizide zur Folge, aber daran möchte man nicht gerne denken. Does Werther write about Lotte? Yes, he writes about her. Goethe s Werther had a lot of suicides as a consequence, but one doesn t like to think about that. 1. da + PREPOSITION is used if the preposition starts with a consonant. 2. da + r + PREPOSITION is used if the preposition starts with a vowel A da-compound is used if it is followed by a dependent clause or an infinitive phrase. 3. Only the preposition is used if a noun follows. 4. da-compounds refer only to things and concepts, not to people. 5. A da-compound can also refer to an entire preceding clause. Einheit 2 335

5 AnsersGE_02 ( ).qxd 8/12/05 1:34 PM Page Simple Past Tense (Präteritum) The simple past tense is used to describe events that took place in the past. It is mostly used in writing. Forms 1. studieren ich studierte wir studierten du studiertest ihr studiertet er/sie/es/man studierte sie/sie studierten heiraten ich heiratete wir heirateten du heiratetest ihr heiratetet er/sie/es/man heiratete sie/sie heirateten 2. a kommen ich kam wir kamen du kamst ihr kamt er/sie/es/man kam sie/sie kamen finden ich fand wir fanden du fandest ihr fandet er/sie/es/man fand sie/sie fanden lesen ich las wir lasen du lasest ihr last er/sie/es/man las sie/sie lasen 2. b denken ich dachte wir dachten du dachtest ihr dachtet er/sie/es/man dachte sie/sie dachten 336 Anders gedacht: Grammar s

6 AnsersGE_02 ( ).qxd 8/12/05 1:34 PM Page 337 senden ich sandte wir sandten du sandtest ihr sandtet er/sie/es/man sandte sie/sie sandten möchten /(wollen) * ich wollte wir wollten du wolltest ihr wolltet er/sie/es/man wollte sie/sie wollten 1. Goethe studierte Jura in Leipzig. 2. a. In Friedrich Schiller fand Goethe einen Freund. b. Werther sandte seinem Freund Wilhelm Briefe. 3. a. Goethe sah sich gern die Bücher über Italien an, die in der Bibliothek seines Vaters standen. b. Als Goethe die Bücher seines Vaters ansah, wusste er, dass auch er nach Italien fahren wollte. Goethe studied law in Leipzig. Goethe found a friend in Friedrich Schiller. Werther sent letters to his friend Wilhelm. Goethe loved to look at the books about Italy that were in his father s library. When Goethe saw his father s books, he knew he wanted to go to Italy, too. 1. The simple past tense of regular verbs is formed by adding -te plus personal endings to the infinitive stem. Note: The first and third persons singular do not add personal endings! If the infinitive stem ends in -d, -t, or in a single -m or -n preceded by a consonant other than l or r, then an e is added before the -te to facilitate pronunciation. 2. The simple past tense of irregular verbs is formed by changing the vowel and sometimes also the consonant of the infinitive stem and by adding personal endings to this stem. (Refer to the list of irregular verbs in the appendix of the Anders gedacht textbook, Anhang B.) Note: The first and third persons singular do not add personal endings! a. Most irregular verbs form the simple past tense without -te, e.g., fahren, gehen, kommen, schlafen, If the simple past tense stem ends in -d, -t, then an e is added before the personal endings -st (second person singular) and -t (second person plural) to facilitate pronunciation. The e before the -st ending, however, is sometimes left out. *The verb form möchten has no simple past tense form. The simple past tense forms of wollen are typically used to express the notion of möchten in the simple past tense. Einheit 2 337

7 AnsersGE_02 ( ).qxd 8/12/05 1:34 PM Page 338 Simple past stems ending in -s, -ss, -ß, and -z also require an e before the -st ending in the second person singular. b. A few irregular verbs form the simple past tense with -te: brennen, bringen, denken, nennen, rennen, senden, wissen, mögen, and the modal verbs. Note: senden and wenden do not add an e between the simple past tense stem and the -te even though the stem ends in -d: du sandtest, wandtest. Note: möchten has no simple past tense form. The simple past tense forms of wollen are typically used to express the notion of möchten in the simple past tense. 3. a. In the simple past tense separable prefixes separate from the verb in main clauses. b. In dependent clauses separable prefixes are attached to the base verb. 4. Verbs haben, sein, and werden The verb haben is irregular with a -te ending; sein and werden are irregular without -te. haben ich hatte wir hatten du hattest ihr hattet er/sie/es/man hatte sie/sie hatten sein ich war wir waren du warst ihr wart er/sie/es/man war sie/sie waren werden ich wurde wir wurden du wurdest ihr wurdet er/sie/es/man wurde sie/sie wurden 5. The simple past tense has several English equivalents. I studied. Ich studierte. I was studying. I used to study. 6. In conversation, the simple past tense of haben, sein, and the modal verbs is preferred over the present perfect tense of those verbs. 338 Anders gedacht: Grammar s

8 AnsersGE_02 ( ).qxd 8/12/05 1:34 PM Page wo-compounds (wo-komposita) Wo-compounds are compound words that consist of the prefix wo + (r) + PREPOSITION. They are used in conjunction with verbs with prepositional complements. Forms wo + (r) + PREPOSITION woran worauf woraus wobei wodurch wofür wogegen worin womit wonach worüber worum worunter wovon wovor wozu There are some prepositions that cannot form a wo-compound: bis, ohne, and wider (with accusative case); außer, gegenüber, and seit (with dative case). 1. Wofür interessierte sich Goethe? What was Goethe interested in? 2. Worüber schrieb Goethe? What did Goethe write about? 3. Über was schrieb Goethe? What did Goethe write about? 4. Wo studierte Goethe Jura? Where did Goethe study law? 5. a. Worüber schreibt Werther? What does Werther write about? Über die Liebe. About love. b. Über wen schreibt Werther? Who(m) does Werther write about? Über Lotte. About Lotte. 1. wo + PREPOSITION is used if the preposition starts with a consonant. 2. wo + r + PREPOSITION is used if the preposition starts with a vowel wo-compounds are question words. 3. The form PREPOSITION + was is considered colloquial. 4. Verbs that have no prepositional complement form a question with simple question words, for example wo, wer, wie, was, warum. 5. wo-compounds refer only to things and concepts, not to people. Einheit 2 339