Beiträge zum Modell: Personale Faktoren (Patient, Mitarbeiter)

Transkript

1 Nau, J.; Oud, N.; Walter, G. 2010

2 Beiträge zum Modell: Personale Faktoren (Patient, Mitarbeiter) Physiologische/Biologische Faktoren: Einflüsse auf Erregbarkeit von Tageszeit, Hormonlage, Stress, (Rensing, Koch, Rippe, & Rippe, 2006; Tortora & Derrickson, 2006) Genetische Determinanten (Craig & Halton, 2009) Pathologische Faktoren / Erkrankungen / Vergiftungen (Ferns & Cork, 2008; Schanda & Taylor, 2001) Medikamentöse Faktoren: (Steinert, Druck in Vorbereitung) Persönliche Einstellung zu Aggressivem Verhalten (Ajzen, 2005; Jansen, Dassen, & Jebbink, 2005) Charaktereigenschaft/Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und Ressourcen (Anderson & Bushman, 2002; Bettencourt, Talley, Benjamin, & Valentine, 2006; C.D. Webster, Martin, Brink, Nicholls, & Middleton, 2004) Entwicklungspsychologisch bedingte Voraussetzungen (Bandura, 1973; Fonagy, 2003) Rollenerwartungen / Erwartungserwartung (Luhman, 1987; Parsons, 1975) Einfluss von psychotropen Substanzen (Holzbach, Druck in Vorbereitung) Umgebungsfaktoren Einflüsse aus betrieblichen, baulichen Umständen, Teamatmosphäre (Bowers, Nijman, Simpson, & Jones, 2010; Bowie & Mountain, 1997; Colton, 2004; Duxbury, Björkdahl, & Johnson, 2006; Hahn et al., 2009; Nijman, 2002; Richard Whittington & Richter, 2006) Setting definiert das Verhalten (Abelson, 1981) Interaktion Rolle von Interaktion (Berne, 2004; Harris, 1986; Schulz vonthun, 1985; Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson, 1985; Richard Whittington & Richter, 2006) Social interactionist approach (Tedeschi & Felson, 1994) Erwartungserwartung (Luhman, 1987) Auslösesituationen 4 Ohren-Modell von Friedemann Schulz von Thun (Schulz vonthun, 1985) Handlungsskripte als kognitive Strukturen (Abelson, 1981) Erlebte Ungerechtigkeit (Urteil, dass ein anderer ungerecht oder unfair sich verhalten hat)

3 (Tedeschi & Felson, 1994; R. Whittington & Richter, 2005) Attributionen und Emotion (Fiske & Taylor, 2008; Oud & Walter, 2009; Weiner, 2006) Averse Reize (Berkowitz, 1989; Berkowitz & Harmon-Jones, 2004) Entscheidungsprozess Wahrgenommene Intention, Emotion und Meinung bei anderen (Förstl, 2007; Frith & Singer, 2008) Einfluss von Stimmung auf Entscheidungsfindung (Fiske & Taylor, 2008) Unmittelbare und/oder übergeordnete Zielerwartungen in der Person (Bushman & Anderson, 2001) Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung (Bandura, 1977, 1994; Dunn, Elsom, & Cross, 2007; Nau, Dassen, Halfens, & Needham, 2008) Normverletzung muss nicht zu aggressiver Reaktion führen. (Felson, 2000) Stärken und Ressourcen beim Klienten (Nicholls, Brink, Desmarais, Webster, & Martin, 2006; Christopher D. Webster, Martin, Brink, Nicholls, & Desmarais, 2007; C.D. Webster et al., 2004) Problemlöseverhalten (respektvoll, integrierend oder zwingend/aggressiv) Scripts als performative Strukturen (Abelson, 1981) Erlerntes/verlerntes Verhalten (Bandura, 1973) Zu einem bestimmten Verhalten zwingen (Felson & Tedeschi, 1995; Tedeschi & Felson, 1994) Rolle von Interaktion (Richard Whittington & Richter, 2006) Eskalationsphasen und denkbare Interventionen (Breakwell, 1998; Oud & Walter, 2009) Flüchten-Kämpfen-Winwin-Modell (Oud & Walter, 2009) Kriterien der Deeskalationsperformanz (Nau, Needham, Dassen, & Halfens, 2009) Kreative Problemlösungen, Transcend-Methode (Galtung, 2007; Testad & Aarsland, 2010)

4 NOW-Modell als Tabelle: Gleichgewicht und Sicherheitsgefühl fördernd Aggressives Verhalten fördernd Personale Faktoren beim Pflegebedürftigen / Klienten / Bewohner Personale Faktoren bei Dritten (z.b. Angehörigen ) Personale Faktoren beim Mitarbeiter

5 Umgebungsfaktoren (stabile und variable) Interaktionelle Faktoren Beispiele für Auslöser: Nau, J.; Oud, N.E.; Walter, G.: Explaining, Reflecting and Managing Aggression and Violence in Health Care using the NOW-Model In I. Needham; et al. (Hrsg.), Proceedings of the second International Conference on Workplace Violence in the Health Sector : From Awareness to Sustainable Action. Kavanah: Dwingeloo, 2010, The model got the name NOW-Model because of its emphasis of the process at the present time here and now. (It is only a nice coincidence that the name of the model represents at the same time the initials of the authors)

6 Referenzen: Abelson, R. P. (1981). Psychological status of the script concept. American Psychologist, 36(7), Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes, Personality an Behavior (2 ed.). Maidenhead: Open University Press. Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annu Rev Psychol, 53, Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: a social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review, 84(2), Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behaviour (Vol. 4, pp ). New York: Academic Press. Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: examination and reformulation. Psychol Bull, 106(1), Berkowitz, L., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2004). Toward an understanding of the determinants of anger. Emotion, 4(2), Berne, E. (2004). Games people play : The Basic Handbook of Transactional Analysis. New York: Random House Publishing Group. Bettencourt, B. A., Talley, A., Benjamin, A. J., & Valentine, J. (2006). Personality and aggressive behavior under provoking and neutral conditions: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull, 132(5), Bowers, L., Nijman, H., Simpson, A., & Jones, J. (2010). The relationship between leadership, teamworking, structure, burnout and attitude to patients on acute psychiatric wards. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. Bowie, P., & Mountain, G. (1997). The relationship between patient behaviour and environmental quality for the dementing. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry, 12(7), Breakwell, G. (1998). Aggression bewältigen : Umgang mit Gewalttätigkeit in Klinik, Schule und Sozialarbeit. Bern: Verlag Hans Huber. Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Is it time to pull the plug on the hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychol Rev, 108(1), Colton, D. (2004). Checklist for Assessing Your Organization s Readiness for Reducing Seclusion and Restraint. Retrieved , from Craig, I. W., & Halton, K. E. (2009). Genetics of human aggressive behaviour. Hum Genet, 126(1), Dunn, K., Elsom, S., & Cross, W. (2007). Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control Affect Management of Aggression by Mental Health Nurses. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 28(2), Duxbury, J., Björkdahl, A., & Johnson, S. (2006). Ward Culture and Atmosphere. In D. Richter & R. Whittington (Eds.), Violence in Mental Health Settings : Causes, Consequences, Management (pp ). New York: Springer. Felson, R. B. (2000). A Social Psychological Approach to Interpersonal Aggression. In V. B. Van Hasselt & M. Hersen (Eds.), Aggression and Violence (pp. 9-22). Needham Heights, MA, US: Allyn & Bacon. Felson, R. B., & Tedeschi, J. T. (1995). Aggression and violence : social interactionist perspectives (2 ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association. Ferns, T., & Cork, A. (2008). Managing alcohol related aggression in the emergency department (Part I). Int Emerg Nurs, 16(1), Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2008). Social Cognition : From Brains to Culture. New York: McGrw-Hill. Fonagy, P. (2003). Towards a developmental understanding of violence. Br J Psychiatry, 183, Förstl, H. (Ed.). (2007). Theory of mind : Neurobiologie und Psychologie sozialen Verhaltens. Heidelberg: Springer. Frith, C. D., & Singer, T. (2008). The role of social cognition in decision making. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 363(1511), Galtung, J. (2007). Konflikte und Konfliktlösungen. Berlin: Kai Homilius Verlag. Hahn, S., Afzali, M., Richter, D., Metzenthin, P., Marguet, H., & Scheuermann, A. (2009). Aggression Management in General Hospitals: A joint Nursing Science - Design Research Project.. In I. Needham, P. Callaghan, T. Palmsteirna, H. Nijman & N. Oud (Eds.), Proceedings of the 6th European Congress on Violence in Clinical Psychiatry (pp ). Dwingeloo: KAVANAH. Harris, T. A. (1986). Ich bin o.k. Du bist o.k. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt. Holzbach, R. (Druck in Vorbereitung). Sucht und aggressives Verhalten. In G. Walter, J. Nau & N. Oud (Eds.), Aggression im Gesundheitswesen. Bern Göttingen: Huber. Jansen, G., Dassen, T., & Jebbink, G. (2005). Staff attitudes towards aggression in health care: a review of the literature. Journal of psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing(12), Luhman, N. (1987). Soziale Ssteme: Grundriss einer allgemeinen Theorie. Frankfurt/M: Suhrkamp. Nau, J., Dassen, T., Halfens, R., & Needham, I. (2008). Student nurses' self-confidence and performance of managing patient aggression after attending training courses. In I. Needham, M. Kingma, L. O'Brian-Pallas, K. J. McKenna, R. Tucker & N. Oud (Eds.), Workplace Violence in the Health Sector : Together Creating a Safe Work Environment (pp ). Amsterdam: Kavanah. Nau, J., Needham, I., Dassen, T., & Halfens, R. (2009). Development and Psychometric Testing of the De-escalating Aggressive Behaviour Scale Journal of Advanced Nursing 65(9), Nicholls, T. L., Brink, J., Desmarais, S. L., Webster, C. D., & Martin, M. L. (2006). The Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): a prospective validation study in a forensic psychiatric sample. Assessment, 13(3), Nijman, H. L. (2002). A model of aggression in psychiatric hospitals. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl(412), Oud, N., & Walter, G. (2009). Aggression in der Pflege. Unterostendorf: Ibicura. Parsons, T. (1975). The sick role and the role of the physician reconsidered. Milbank Mem Fund Q Health Soc, 53(3), Rensing, L., Koch, M., Rippe, B., & Rippe, V. (2006). Mensch im Stress : Psyche, Körper, Moleküle. München: Elsevier.

7 Schanda, H., & Taylor, P. (2001). [Inpatient violence: frequency, risk factors, preventive strategies]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr, 69(10), Schulz vonthun, F. (1985). Miteinander reden: Störungen und Klärungen - Psychologie der zwischenmenschlichen Kommunikation. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt. Steinert, T. (Druck in Vorbereitung). Pharmakotherapie bei aggressivem Verhalten In G. Walter, J. Nau & N. Oud (Eds.), Aggression im Gesundheitswesen. Bern Göttingen: Huber. Tedeschi, J. T., & Felson, R. B. (1994). Violence, Aggression and Coercive Actions (1 ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association. Testad, I., & Aarsland, D. (2010). Reducing Restraint - The Benefits of Oeducation an Training. In R. Hughes (Ed.), Rights, Risks and Restraint Free Care for Older People : Peson-Centred Approaches in Helath and Social Care (pp ). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2006). Anatomie und Physiologie. Weinheim: Wiley-Blackwell. Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J. H., & Jackson, D. D. (1985). Menschliche Kommunikation [Pragmatics of Human Communication. A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies and Paradoxes]. (7 ed.). Bern Stuttgart Toronto: Huber. Webster, C. D., Martin, M.-L., Brink, J., Nicholls, T. L., & Desmarais, S. L. (2007). Start Summary Sheet. Retrieved , from Webster, C. D., Martin, M.-L., Brink, J., Nicholls, T. L., & Middleton, C. (2004). Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): An Evaluation and Planning Guide. (Version 1.0 Consultation Edition). Port Coquitlam (Canada): St. Joseph s Healthcare Hamilton, Ontario, Canada and Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission. Weiner, B. (2006). Social Motivation, Justice, and the Moral Emotions : An Attributional Approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Whittington, R., & Richter, D. (2005). Interactional aspects of violent behaviour on acute psychiatric wards. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11(4), Whittington, R., & Richter, D. (2006). From the Individual to the Interpersonal: Environment and Interaction in the Escalation of Violence in Mental Health Settings. In R. Whittington & D. Richter (Eds.), Violence in Mental Health Settings : Causes, Consequences, Management (pp ). New York: Springer.