Space Exploration. Max Camenzind Akademie HD Sept Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 1

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1 Space Exploration Max Camenzind Akademie HD Sept 2016 Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 1

2 Pioneering Space - Goals Fifty years after the creation of NASA, our goal is no longer just a destination to reach. Our goal is the capacity for people to work and learn and operate and live safely beyond the Earth for extended periods of time, ultimately in ways that are more sustainable and even indefinite. And in fulfilling this task, we will not only extend humanity s reach in space -- we will strengthen America s leadership here on Earth. - President Obama, April

3 Anfang: Sputnik 4. Oktober 1957 October Sky

4 Sputnik- 1 st Artificial Satellite

5 Missionen zu Venus & Mars 1970 / Soviet 1962 / NASA 1967 / NASA 1973 / NASA 1975 / RU 1984 / RU 1983 / RU 1989 / NASA 2005 / ESA 2010 / JAXA

6 Mariner 1+2 / 1962 Venus-Vorbeiflug Als das Mariner Programm begann, gab es noch nicht die Benennung von Einzelmissionen. Der Programmname stand vielmehr für ein gemeinsames Ziel: Die Explorer Satelliten dienten der Erderforschung (und hatten weder in Bahnen, noch Aussehen oder Instrumentierung Gemeinsamkeiten). Die Pioneers der interplanetaren Forschung und die Mariners eben der Planetenforschung. Die einzelnen Sonden waren nicht Teile einer Serie. So differieren auch Startmassen um den Faktor 5, noch mehr die Ausbeute an Informationen der einzelnen Missionen. Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 6

7 Mariner 3+4 / 1964 Marsflug Mariner 1+2 (Venus) Mariner 5 (Venus) Mariner 8+9 (Mars) Mariner 3+4 (Mars) Mariner 6+7 (Mars) Mariner 10 (Venus und Merkur) Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 7

8 Mariner 10 / 1973 erste Karte Merkur Mit Mariner 10 endete nach 12 Jahren das so erfolgreiche Mariner Programm. Die letzte Sonde dieses Programms machte dem Programm aber alle Ehre. Sie passierte zwei Planeten in vier Vorbeiflügen und kartierte im Vorbeiflug den Merkur. Zudem war sie mit 98 Millionen Dollar (ohne Trägerrakete und Kosten für das DSN) sehr preiswert. Dieser kleine Finanzrahmen (514 Millionen Dollar im Wert von 2014) war erstaunlich. Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 8

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10 Mariner 10, die letzte der Mariner-Serie, war wieder eine Vorbeiflugsonde allerdings mit sehr komplexen Bahnmanövern. Sie sollte erstmals den sonnennächsten Planeten Merkur besuchen. Als erste Raumsonde überhaupt nutzte sie einen Planeten, in diesem Fall die Venus, für ein Swing-by-Manöver, das die Sonde zum Merkur weiterleitete. Um von der Erde in Sonnennähe zum Merkur zu gelangen, muss eine Sonde ihre Bahnenergie, die sie durch die Bahngeschwindigkeit der Erde mitbekommen hat, um etwa 60 Prozent verringern. Durch Anstelle der Titan IIIC die preiswertere Atlas-Centaur als Trägerrakete verwendet werden.

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12 Mariner Ergebnisse Das Mariner-Programm galt als großer technischer Erfolg: Es gab nur drei Fehlstarts (Erfolgsquote 70 %), was für die Pionierzeit der Raumfahrt ein sehr guter Wert war. Die USA konnten vor der UdSSR als erste Nation Aufnahmen aller inneren Planeten liefern. Der Planet Merkur wurde durch Mariner 10 zu 45 % fotografisch erfasst (etwa 9000 Einzelbilder). Der Planet Venus wurde von Mariner 2, 5 und 10 erforscht, wenn auch das Interesse der USA an diesem Planeten danach merklich abflaute. Nur eine Sonde, Mariner 10, machte auch Bilder des Planeten. Die erste weiche Landung auf einem fremden Planeten gelang der Sowjetunion mit Venera 7. Der Planet Mars zog mehr Aufmerksamkeit auf sich: Mariner 4 erkundete etwa 1 % der Oberfläche, Mariner 6 und 7 etwa 20 %. Durch den ersten Marsorbiter, Mariner 9, gelang die Erstellung der ersten Marskarte, wenn auch von schlechter Qualität. Leben wie auf der Erde, das wiesen die Mariners nach, war auf dem Mars nicht möglich. 12

13 Viking 1 & 2 erste Marslandung 1975 Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 13

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15 Um welchen Rover handelt es sich? 15

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18 Missionen zu Gasplaneten

19 Voyager - Jupiter Saturn (MJS) Mission Ursprünglich Mariner in Voyager vor Start 1977 umbenannt Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 19

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21 Jupiter seen by Voyager

22 The Grand Tour Trajectory Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 22

23 Die Voyager Sonde Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 23

24 The Grand Tour active atmospheres high-speed jet streams large storm systems all have ring systems all have magnetospheres total of 57 known moons great diversity among moons Io, Europa, Titan, Triton unique spectrum of scientific discoveries Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 24

25 Vergleich der Galileischen Monde Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 25

26 Die Vulkane auf Io Pele plume to 300 km, fallout size of France 50 km Galileo image hot lava from Tvashtar Catena Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 26

27 Europa Eisdecke über Ozean Galileo image 5 km Voyager image Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 27

28 Ganymed und Callisto Voyager Voyager/Galileo 15 km Galileo torn comet, 200 km scar Galileo Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 28

29 Saturn und Titan dense, nitrogen-methane atmosphere for Titan chemistry may resemble early Earth ring spokes complex rings, many diverse moons Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 29

30 Neptun und Triton fast winds, Great Dark Spot, faint rings, 6 new moons geyser-like eruptions retrograde, likely captured object Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 30

31 Voyager Distances As of 4 October 2004 Distance from the Sun Round-trip Light Time Voyager AU (13.96 billion km) 25h 58m 36s Voyager AU (11.15 billion km) 20h 38m 30s Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 31

32 The Solar System - Overview of Scale Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 32

33 The Future Sufficient power until the year 2020 Voyagers will then wander the Milky Way - Voyager 1 within 1.6 light years of AC in 40,000 years - Voyager 2 within 4.3 light years of Sirius in 296,000 years Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 33

34 Nachricht an Außerirdische: Eine Goldene Schallplatte von der Erde Greetings from U.S. President Jimmy Carter Greetings from Kurt Waldheim, UN Secretary General Congressional List Greetings in 54 languages Whale Greetings Sounds of Earth 90 minutes of music 118 pictures Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 34

35 Galileo / NASA Ziel: Jupiter & Monde Voyager 30 September 2004 EdBM - 35

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47 Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Galileo

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50 Saturn

51 Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech (Image by David Seal)

52 Cassini über den Ringen 52

53 Bild: Cassini/ NASA/JPL

54 Saturn Sechseck / Cassini Bild: Cassini/NASA/JPL

55 Saturn Hexagon / Cassini

56 Eine erstaunliche Struktur

57 von der Erde aus nicht machbar Bild: Cassini/NASA/JPL

58 Bild: Cassini/NASA/JPL

59 Bild: Cassini/NASA/JPL

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61 Ringe und Monde des Saturn

62 Enceladus as viewed from NASA's Cassini spacecraft

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64 For decades, scientists didn t know why Enceladus was the brightest world in the solar system, or how it related to Saturn s E ring. Cassini found that both the fresh coating on its surface, and icy material in the E ring originate from vents connected to a global subsurface saltwater ocean that might host hydrothermal vents. Cassini discovered that geyser-like jets spew water vapor and ice particles from an underground ocean beneath the icy crust of Enceladus.

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67 Aufbau von Enceladus

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69 Titan - Saturnmond mit Kohlenwasserstoffgewässern. Mit 5150 Kilometern Durchmesser ist Titan der zweitgrößte Mond des Sonnensystems und zugleich einer der wohl mysteriösesten. Viele Planeten sind von einer Atmosphäre umgeben. Titan dagegen ist im Sonnensystem der einzige Mond mit einer nennenswerten Gashülle.

70 Ligeia Mare, shown here in a false-color image, is the second largest known body of liquid on Saturn's moon Titan. It is filled with liquid hydrocarbons, such as ethane and methane, and is one of the many seas and lakes that bejewel Titan's north polar region.

71 Dwarf Planet!

72 Missionen zu Mars

73 2018 Humans for week-long stays Next: 45-day stays at outposts

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75 Mars Probe Highlights 1965 First FLYBY (Mariner 4) 1971 First ORBITER (Mariner 9) 1976 First LANDER (Viking) 1997 First ROVER (Sojourner) Later Rovers Opportunity (2004) Curiosity (2012)

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78 Mars 2030

79 Molten Salt Fast Reactor: Reference Core Design Power 11 MW th Dimensions cm Total mass 185 kg - (50 kg Pu) Reflector thickness 6 cm (Zr 3 Si 2 ) Coolant - molten salt (NaF-ZrF 4 ) - High Boiling Temp Fuel - Reactor Grade Pu carbide, honeycomb plates k eff BOL = 1.1 June 16 th, 2003 Core lifetime 540 FPD , Mission to Mars Design Course

80 Surface Power System Goals Sufficient power for all surface applications (i.e. ISRU, habitat etc.) Satisfy NASA DRM. ~200 kw e Develop long lasting Mars surface infrastructure Lifetime of 25 EFPY June 16 th, , Mission to Mars Design Course

81 VALLES MARINERIS Valley 2500 miles long, 12 miles wide, 4.5 miles deep (largest in the solar system)

82 VIEW FROM FIRST LANDER (1976 VIKING 1) Viking also dug into soil for evidence of life (found no incontrovertible evidence)

83 FIRST ROVER (SOJOURNER) LEAVING LANDER Lander (Pathfinder) made bounce landing on airbags

84 BIGGER AND BETTER OPPORTUNITY (2004) COMPARED TO SOJOURNER (1997) The larger Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity) landed in 2004 Spirit lasted until 2010, Opportunity still going!

85 BIGGER AND BETTER YET ROVER CURIOSITY (2012) VS. OPPORTUNITY (2004) Earlier rovers powered by solar panels Curiosity powered by radioactivity (plutonium)

86 LANDING OF CURIOSITY August 6, 2012 Slowed by parachute and downward-directed rockets, lowered on sky crane

87 GALE CRATER - LANDING SPOT OF CURIOSITY Plans to explore Mount Sharp, mountain in center of crater (layered rock, thought to be sedimentary)

88 CURIOSITY FINDS REMAINS OF MARTIAN STREAMBED Rocks were rounded by tumbling in flowing water (Curiosity tweets a river ran through it )

89 PURPOSE OF ESA To provide for and promote, for exclusively peaceful purposes, cooperation among European states in space research and technology and their space applications. Article 2 of ESA Convention 89

90 ESA FACTS AND FIGURES Over 40 years of experience 18 Member States, 19 in 2011 Five establishments in Europe, about 2200 staff 4 billion Euro budget (2011) Over 70 satellites designed, tested and operated in flight 17 scientific satellites in operation Six types of launcher developed Celebrated the 200th launch of Ariane in February

91 ESA S LOCATIONS ESTEC (Noordwijk) EAC (Cologne) Salmijaervi (Kiruna) ESA sites/facilities Offices ESA ground stations ESA HQ (Paris) Brussels Redu Toulouse Cebreros (Villafranca) Harwell ESAC (Madrid) ESRIN (Rome) ESOC (Darmstadt) Oberpfaffenhofen Moscow Washington Santa Maria Houston Malargüe Kourou Maspalomas New Norcia Perth 91

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93 ESA BUDGET FOR 2011 UK: 6.6%, M CA: 0.5%, 20.5 M Income from Member States and Canada M (74.5%) Income from EU M (19.5%) Income from European Cooperating States (ECSA) 7.9 M (0.2%) Other income M (5.8%) Total M (100%) SE: 1.5%, 59.9 M CH: 2.4%, 96.2 M Income from EU, ECSA and Other: 25,5%, M ES: 5.1%, M PT: 0.4%, 15.8 M NO: 1.6%, 63.2 M M : Million Euro NL: 2.1%, 84.2 M LU: 0.3%, 11.5 M IT: 9.5%, M 2011 income from Member States and Canada M AT: 1.3%, 54.0 M BE: 4.1%, M IE: 0.4%, 15.6 M GR: 0.4%, 14.9 M CZ: 0.3%, 10.4 M DK: 0.8%, 31.2 M FI: 0.5%, 20.1 M 93 DE: 17.9%, M FR: 18.8%, M

94 STAFF BY NATIONALITY IN 2009 Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland UK Canada PT NO NL Total international staff: 2122 LU ES CH SE IT UK GR CA AT BE CZ DK FI DE IE FR 94

95 BIRTH OF COMMERCIAL OPERATORS ESA s catalyst role ESA is responsible for R&D of space projects. On completion of qualification, they are handed to outside entities for production and exploitation. Most of these entities emanated from ESA. Meteorology: Eumetsat Navigation: Galileo (with EU) Launch services: Arianespace Telecomms: Eutelsat and Inmarsat 95

96 ESA S REMARKABLE PIONEERS OF SCIENCE Hipparcos ( ) most comprehensive star-mapper IUE ( ) longest-living orbiting observatory Giotto (1986) closest ever flyby of a comet nucleus Ulysses ( ) first craft to fly over Sun s poles ISO (1995 8) first European infrared observatory SMART-1 (2003 6) first European mission to the Moon 96

97 ROBOTIC EXPLORATION ExoMars will investigate the martian environment, particularly astrobiological issues, and develop and demonstrate new technologies for planetary exploration with the long-term view of a future Mars sample return mission in the 2020s. 97

98 HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT

99 EARTH OBSERVATION

100 PIONEERS IN EARTH OBSERVATION Meteosat (1977 ) ESA has been dedicated to observing Earth from space ever since the launch of its first meteorological mission. ERS-1 ( ) and ERS-2 (1995 ) providing a wealth of invaluable data about Earth, its climate and changing environment. Envisat (2002 ) the largest satellite ever built to monitor the environment, it provides continuous observation of Earth s surface, atmosphere, oceans and ice caps. 100

101 EARTH EXPLORERS Part of ESA s Living Planet Programme, these missions address critical and specific issues raised by the science community, while demonstrating the latest observing techniques. GOCE (2009 ) studying Earth s gravity field SMOS (2009 ) studying Earth s water cycle CryoSat-2 (2010 ) studying Earth s ice cover The next missions are: Swarm (2012) three satellites studying Earth s magnetic field ADM-Aeolus (2013) studying the atmosphere EarthCARE (2015) an ESA/JAXA mission to study Earth s clouds, aerosols and radiation 101

102 METEOROLOGICAL MISSIONS Living Planet also includes the next generation of missions dedicated to weather and climate. Meteosat Third Generation taking over from Meteosat 11 in 2018, the last of four Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites. MSG and MTG are joint projects between ESA and Eumetsat. MetOp is a series of three satellites to monitor climate and improve weather forecasting, the space segment of Eumetsat's Polar System (EPS). MetOp-A (2006 ) Europe s first polarorbiting satellite dedicated to operational meteorology 102

103 OBSERVING OUR PLANET FOR A SAFER WORLD A joint ESA/European Commission initiative, Global Monitoring for the Environment and Security (GMES) is the response to Europe's need for geospatial information services. It will provide autonomous and independent access to information for policy-makers, particularly for environment and security issues. ESA is implementing the space component: developing the Sentinel satellite series, its ground segment and coordinating data access. ESA has started a Climate Change Initiative, for storage, production and assessment of essential climate data. 103

104 TELECOMMUNICATIONS & INTEGRATED APPLICATIONS

105 105 MISSION OPERATIONS

106 MISSION OPERATIONS ESOC (Darmstadt, Germany) is ESA s centre for mission operations and ground systems engineering. Preparation and execution of combined ground- and space-segment operations Mission control systems, ground stations and operational communication and computer systems Operation of spacecraft and ground facilities, mission analysis, flight dynamics, navigation and space debris 106

107 LAUNCHERS

108 THE EUROPEAN LAUNCHER FAMILY The launchers developed by ESA guarantee European access to space. Their development is an example of how space challenges European industry and provides precious expertise. Ariane is one of the most successful launcher series in the world, soon to be complemented by Vega and Soyuz, launched from Europe s Spaceport in French Guiana. 108

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112 How did planets form early in the solar system New Dwarf Planet! Launch: 20 June 2007