A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH. for the degree of Doctor of Natural Science

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1 Diss. ETH No Single-Shot Electron Bunch-Length Measurements with a Spatial Electro-Optical-Auto-Correlation Interferometer using Coherent Transition Radiation at the 100 MeV SLS pre-injector LINAC A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Natural Science presented by DANIEL OLIVER SÜTTERLIN Dipl. Phys. ETH born citizen of Zürich accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. H. Jäckel, examiner Dr. V. Schlott, co-examiner Dr. D. Erni, co-examiner Dr. H. Sigg, co-examiner 2006

2 Abstract Structural research on an atomic and subatomic level is of interest in many fields of science. In order to resolve the microscopic structure of a material the wavelength of the light needed for investigation has to be smaller than the structure itself. Wavelengths of 0.1 nm are needed to resolve atomic structures. This kind of radiation is commonly supplied from synchrotron radiation facilities. The next generation of light sources will offer brilliances which are higher by some ten orders of magnitude as well as unprecedented properties such as coherence and time structure. This next generation of light sources will be based on the principle of self amplifying spontaneous emission (SASE), which has been successfully demonstrated in a number of test facilities such as the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) at DESY in Hamburg. This sources will be of a LINAC 1 -based design with electron beams requiring small transverse emittances (transverse beam size), small energy spreads and extremely short bunch lengths. Before such a source is operational many technological challenges have to be solved especially in the field of electron beam diagnostics. In particular the measurement of extremely short electron bunches (< 1 ps) is demanding and challenging. Different methods have been proposed and applied in order to understand and characterize the bunching process of the electron beam throughout the LINAC. Different measurement techniques include step-scan interferometers and the correlation of coherently emitted radiation with femtosecond lasers and electro-optical (EO) switches. In this thesis a novel concept of a bunch-length monitor is presented. The monitor set-up offers single-shot capability and sub-picosecond time resolution. The single-shot capability is obtained by a novel interferometer design which produces a spatial interference pattern of the Fourier components of the coherent transition radiation (CTR) as produced by a LINAC. The single-shot read-out is achieved by electro-optical techniques using a comparatively long (500 ps) Nd:YAG probe laser pulse. The replacement of the femto-second Ti-Sapphire laser system as commonly used for EOsampling experiments by a simpler active-mode-locked Nd:YAG laser promises a highly 1 Linear Accelerator xi

3 robust as well as a more affordable set-up. Especially the severe requirements regarding synchronization are dramatically relaxed by using a probe laser pulse which is longer than the CTR pulse under investigation. A thorough investigation of the emission process of long wavelength transition radiation (TR) allowes an efficient design of the quasi-optical set-up (comprising the out-coupling of the TR, the transfer optics as well as the spatial interferometer). The principle of the novel interferometer was demonstrated by performing laboratory measurements with cwsources. The set-up was then implemented at an optical beam port of the SLS pre-injector LINAC where the auto-correlation of the broadband CTR could be successfully demonstrated. Single-shot bunch length measurements were performed at the SLS LINAC using an electro-optical read-out. Bunch lengths in the range between 1.5 and 4 ps have been measured with sub-picosecond time resolution. xii

4 Zusammenfassung Die Erforschung der Materiestruktur auf einer atomaren und sub-atomaren Basis ist in zahlreichen Wissenschaftsfeldern von zentraler Bedeutung. Um die mikroskopische Struktur von Materie aufzulösen, wird Licht benötigt, dessen Wellenlänge kürzer ist als die Struktur der zu untersuchenden Materie. Um atomare Strukturen auflösen zu können werden Wellenlängen von 0.1 nm gebraucht. Diese Art von Strahlung wird im allgemeinen von Synchrotron-Strahlungsquellen emittiert. Die nächste Generation dieser Strahlungsquellen wird eine um zehn Grössenordnungen verbesserte Leuchtstärke sowie exzellente Strahlungseigenschaften wie beispielsweise Kohärenz und extrem kurze Zeitstruktur bieten. Diese nächste Generation von Strahlungsquellen basiert auf dem Prinzip der self amplifying spontaneous emission (SASE) welches bereits an zahlreichen Anlagen wie beispielsweise der TESLA Versuchsanlage am DESY in Hamburg erfolgreich demonstriert werden konnte. Solche Strahlungsquellen beruhen auf einem linearen Elektronen-Beschleuniger Design und benötigen sehr kleine Emittanzen (Strahl Querschnitt) und extrem kurze Pulslängen. Bevor eine solche Anlage in Betrieb genommen werden kann, müssen zahlreiche technische Herausforderungen gelöst werden, so speziell im Feld der Elektronenstrahl Diagnostik. Im Besonderen stellt die Messung von kurzen Elektronen Pulslängen (< 1 ps) ein grosses Problem dar. Verschiedenste Methoden sind vorgeschlagen und erprobt worden um den Bunching Prozess in einem Beschleuniger zu verstehen und zu beschreiben. Die verschiedenen Messmethoden beinhalten im wesentlichen interferometrische Methoden und die Detektion von kohärent emittierter Strahlung mittels Femtosekunden Laser und elektro-optischen Schaltern (Kristallen). In dieser Doktorarbeit wird ein neuer Ansatz zur Pulslängen Messung aufgezeigt. Diese Methode bietet die Möglichkeit der Einzelschuss-Messung mit sub-pikosekunden Zeitauflösung. Die Einzelschuss-Fähigkeit beruht auf einer neuartigen Interferometer Auslegung, welche eine örtliche Intensitäts Auto-Korrelation der Fourier Komponenten von kohärenter Übergangsstrahlung generiert. Die Einzelschuss Auslese wird mittels einem elektro-optischen Schalter und einem vergleichsweise langen (500 ps) Laser Puls realisiert. xiii

5 Vor allem der Ersatz des Femtosekunden Ti:Sapphir Lasers, wie er üblicherweise bei der Elektro-Optischen Abtastung zum Einsatz kommt, mit einem wesentlich unkomplizierteren aktiv-moden-gelocktem Nd:YAG System ermöglicht einen robusten sowie auch erschwinglichen Aufbau. Im Speziellen werden die strengen Anforderung an die Synchronisation zwischen Laser und Übergangsstrahlungs Pulsen wesentlich entspannt. Dies ist eine Folge davon, dass der Laser Puls in unserem Experiment wesentlich länger als der zu untersuchende Übergangsstrahlungs Puls ist. Eine gründliche Untersuchung der Emissionscharakteristik von langwelliger Übergangsstrahlung erlaubt die Auslegung eines effizienten quasi-optischen Aufbaus (Auskopplung und Transfer der Übergangsstrahlung sowie das spatiale Interferometer). Das Funktionsprinzip des neuartigen Interferometers wurde mittels monochromatischen Laborquellen demonstriert. Der Aufbau wurde an einem optischen Strahlfenster des SLS Vorbeschleunigers ausgeführt wo die Auto-Korrelation breitbandiger Übergangsstrahlung beobachtet werden konnte. Schlussendlich wurden erfolgreiche Einzelschuss-Messungen von Elektronen Pulslängen im Bereich von 1.5 ps und 4 ps mittels elektro-optischer Auslese und mit sub-pikosekunden Auflösung durchgeführt. xiv

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