Urban Mining Why and How?

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Gerda Klein
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1 2 nd Freiberg Resource Technology Symposium, April Urban Mining Why and How? Helmut Vienna University of Technology Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management 1

2 Focus of Urban Mining Urban Mining 2 Primary production Semi products 3 Production of goods Products Use AR 4 Waste 5 Waste management Ores New scrap Old scrap II Old scrap I Slag Tailings Landfilled wastes 1 Landfills 6 Lithosphere & dumps PR AR Landfill Mining PR Primary resources AR Anthropogenic resources (secondary resources) 2

3 Primary and secondary deposits: example of copper Ore 2 Copper production Cathode copper 3 4 Waste Production Use of goods New scrap 540 Slag Tailings Products Old scrap II Old scrap I Landfilled wastes Waste management Landfill & dumps Lithosphere Flows: t/a Stocks: t System boundary World 1994 Source: Graedel et al (adapted) 3

4 Copper budget of Austria Systemgrenze "Kupferhaushalt Österreich" importierte Abfälle, Aschen, Rückstände 1 exportierte Rohprodukte Flüsse [kg Cu/(E.a)] Lager [kg Cu/E] importierte Rohprodukte Produktionsabfälle RP1 0,13 Recyclingmaterial 7,8 10 exportierte Produkte importierte Rohstoffe 4,9 Rohprodukte 2,3 Produktionsabfälle GP 3,0 Konsumabfälle 5,1 Rohstoffproduktion Güterproduktion Abfallwirtschaft exportierte Abfälle 0,6 Erze 0 Produkte 5,5 Produktionsabfälle RP2 Reststoffe 0 1 Lithosphäre + Bergbau Konsum Halden* + Deponien importierte Produkte 5,3 L E exportierte Erze 0 * Lager Halden nicht bestimmt Source: Döberl et al

Urban stocks: size and relevance ca. 400 t/cap Source: Wittmer, 2007 Separate collection of Plastic packaging: 18 kg/cap.yr Waste metal: 15 kg/cap.yr Waste wood: 23 kg/cap.

5 Urban stocks: size and relevance ca. 400 t/cap Source: Wittmer, 2007 Separate collection of Plastic packaging: 18 kg/cap.yr Waste metal: 15 kg/cap.yr Waste wood: 23 kg/cap.yr Source: BAWP 2011 Comparison between urban stocks and reserves Copper: 300 Mio. t 580 Mio. t Iron: Mio. t Mio. t Zinc: 205 Mio. t 200 Mio. t Source:, 2004; Rauch 2009, USGS

6 Urban Mining reduces import dependency 6

7 Urban Mining reduces shortage in landfill space 20 Mass [t/cap.yr] Input of solid materials into use phase Mean residence time Output of solid materials from use phase (wastes) Year 7

8 The Austria raw materials cadaster Austria raw materials cadaster Geogenic raw materials Anthropogenic raw materials 8

9 Urban mining: tasks to tackle Exploration of anthropogenic stocks Urbane stock (mass) New construction Reconstruction Stock exploration

10 Stock exploration Asphaltbelagschichten im Gebäude Beschüttung Betonschichten Dachhaut (Schwarzdeckerarbeiten) Dackdeckung Estriche Fangkopfmauerwerk Fenster und Türen Fliesen (Boden) Mauersteine (Schlackenbeton) Natursteinmauer Putze und Putzträger Wandbeläge in Innenräumen Mauerwerk Ziegel Mauerwerk Stahlbeton Source: Clement et al mg Pb/kg

11 Stock exploration Asphaltbelagschichten im Gebäude Beschüttung Betonschichten Dachhaut (Schwarzdeckerarbeiten) Dackdeckung Estriche Fangkopfmauerwerk Fenster und Türen Fliesen (Boden) Mauersteine (Schlackenbeton) Natursteinmauer Putze und Putzträger Wandbeläge in Innenräumen Mauerwerk Ziegel Mauerwerk Stahlbeton Source: Clement et al kg Pb

Stock exporation3: current research @ TU Vienna Three approaches, applied to single

Analysis of existing information/data mining (technical drawings, data from remote

Inspection of the object (inventory, taking samples, ) 3.

12 Stock exporation3: current TU Vienna Three approaches, applied to single demolition objects: 1. Analysis of existing information/data mining (technical drawings, data from remote sensing, building standards,.) 2. Inspection of the object (inventory, taking samples, ) 3. Indirect analysis through selective deconstruction and sampling of recycling facility Evaluation and merging of approaches Finding out how far results can be used for the development of a resource cadaster (in Vienna)

13 First results Material composition of a dwelling building complex (Reinforced concrete structure, 4 buildings with 2-9 floors, enclosed space: m 3 ) PVC flooring mass [t] cable insulation linings, panelling Source: Kleemann et al

000 Masse [kg] Massiv Holzmassiv 50.000 40.000 30.000 20

14 New construction: material building pass Project EKON: 1. General procedure for the creation of material building pass Masse [kg] Massiv Holzmassiv In practice not feasible: Solution might be Building Information Modeling 0 Kunststoffe Dämmstoffe Stahl Gipskarton Estrich, Putz, Spachtelung Glas keramische Werkstoffe Holz Kupfer Aluminium Quelle: Autodesk 14

15 Final goal: resource cadaster Potential availability of secondary material (scrap)

16 Material life cycle for copper Semi-product Waste Production of copper Production of goods Use Waste Mgmt. Ore Product Recycling product 16

17 Statistical Entropy Analysis 1,0 Earth's crust 0.8 Relative statistical entropy Production of copper Production of goods Use Circular economy Waste Mgmt. 0,0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Pure copper Life cycle of copper Source: & Graedel,

18 Technologically highly developed Waste Mgmt. Production und construction: months Fotos: A. Weinert Disposal: days weeks? 18

19 Entropy reduction: residual waste and Cu1 Effort (e.g. costs, energy) Incineration Landfill Entropy reduction through treatment [%] Source:,

20 Potential of incineration bottom-ash Mitterbauer et al Source: Skutan &

21 Entropy reduction: residual waste and Cu2 Effort (e.g. costs, energy) Landfill Incineration Incineration + mech. treatment of slag Entropy reduction through treatment [%] Source:,

22 Recovery of copper from residual waste <0.1 System boundary Incineration + melting of bottom ash Off-gas I Residual waste 100 Incineration Off-gas II Melting of bottom ash Silicat melt Waste water Fly ash Filter cake < <0.1 Bottom ash Metal melt Copper flows in [%] Source: Zeltner and Lichtensteiger,

23 Entropy reduction: residual waste and Cu3 Effort (e.g. costs, energy) Landfill Incineration Inc.+ melting Incineration + mech. treatment of slag Entropy reduction through treatment [%] Source:,

24 The potential of the Waste Management sector 1 Earth s crust 0.8 Relative statistical entropy Production of copper Production of goods Consumption Disposal Landfill Status quo Incineration Incineration + mech. treatment Circular economy Incineration + therm. treatment 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Pure copper Life cycle of copper Source:,

25 Example for Design for Recycling: Frontage Aufbau Leichtbaufassade innen Dicke [m] 90+% recyclable Gipskartonplatten (GKP) 2 Lagen 0,025 Mineralwolle 0,040 Alu C Profile für GKP zw. Mineralwolle GKP 2 Lagen 0,025 Da mpfs perre 0,000 Mineralwolle 0,125 Alu C Profile für GKP zw. Mineralwolle Stahlunterkonstruktion für Fassadenplatten zw. Mineralwolle Zementbauplatte 0,025 Hinterlüftung 0,030 Fassadenplatten: 1. Aluminumverbundplatten 0, Zementfaserplatten außen Wandstärke 0,285 25

26 Simple energetic evaluation Primary energy demand [TJ/FU] LWCF 0% LWCF 98% LWCF opt. 98% Concrete 0% Construction Cycles 26

27 Conclusions Urban stocks are significant. Characterization of urban stocks is required. Fully established Circular Economy requires sophisticated recycling. Thank you for your attention! 27

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