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1 Diss. ETH No Bacterial Degradation of p-toluenesulfonate and Related Aromatic Sulfonic Acids: Charaeterization of Degradative Pathways and Enzymes A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZÜRICH for the degree of DOCTOR OF NATURAL SCIENCES presented by HANS HEINRICH LOCHER Lie. phil. nat. (Diplom-Biologe) Universität Bern born 2 May, 1960 Citizen of Hasle b. B. (BE) aecepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Th. Leisinger, examiner Prof. Dr. N. Amrhein, co-examiner PD Dr. A. M. Cook, co-examiner U ia/ Zürich 1991

2 Summary Aromatic sulfonates are xenobiotic Compounds which can be released to the environment as industrial waste products. Although the microbial degradation of several simple sulfonated aromatics has been reported, few degradative pathways for sulfonated Compounds have been established and veiy little is known about the enzymes involved in these processes. Bacteria were isolated from aerobic, carbon-limited enrichment cultures which completely mineralized different substituted benzenesulfonates, e.g. 4-toluenesulfonate (TS), 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate, 2-, 3-, and 4-aminobenzenesulfonate and 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate. The degradation of TS by Comamonas testosteroni T-2 was used as a model system and studied in more detail. TS was degraded by this organism via oxidation of the methylgroup to 4-sulfobenzoate (PSB). PSB was desulfonated to form sulfite and protocatechuate which was further metabolized via meta cleavage. Three enzymes were involved in the oxidation of üie methyl-group. The first step, the oxygenation of TS to 4-sulfobenzylalcohol (SOL) was catalysed by an NADHdependent monooxygenase. This two-component enzyme system was purified from crude extracts of cells grown with TS as sole carbon and energy source. The first component, a monomeric (M. 36 kda) reduetase, which contained FMN and a [2Fe-2S]-centre, transferred electrons to the second component, an oxygenase which is apparently a multimeric iron-sulfur-protein of three or four 43-kDa subunits. This 4-toluenesulfonate methyl-monooxygenase system (TSMOS) could also hydroxylate 3- and 4-methylbenzoate (m- and p-toluate), 4-ethylbenzoate and 4-methoxybenzoate. The incorporated oxygen was derived from molecular oxygen (0_>) as was shown by incorporation studies with ' 02- The enzymes which catalyse üie steps firom SOL to PSB, an NAD-dependent 4-sulfobenzylalcohol dehydrogenase and an NAD-dependent 4-sulfobenzaldehyde dehydrogenase, were isolated and purified to near homogeneity. Each enzyme transformed, in addition to the sulfonated substrate, the carboxylated analogue with similar rates. The desulfonation of PSB to protocatechuate and sulfite was catalysed by a specific, two-component dioxygenase system (4-sulfobenzoate dioxygenase system, PSBDOS) which was purified and eharaeterized. The FMN-containing reduetase from TSMOS was

3 -2- used as Üie reduetase component in PSBDOS also, although a second, PSBDOS-specific, reduetase was detected in small amounts in emde extracts. The oxygenase component consisted of apparently two identical subunits with an Mr of 50 kda containing a [2Fe-2S]-centre. The enzyme showed a high specificity for PSB, no other sulfonated or non-sulfonated substrate was found. Protocatechuate and sulfite were detected as the products formed from PSB by the purified enzyme and the oxygen of both introduced hydroxyl groups was derived from molecular oxygen. formation of an unstable sulfonated dihydrodiol and the spontaneous This is consistent with the release of the sulfonate as sulfite during rearomatization to protocatechuate, and eonfirms the postulated dioxygenolytic bacterial desulfonation mechanism. C. testosteroni T-2 metabolized 4-methylbenzoate (p-toluate), the carboxylated analogue of TS, by a pathway which is analogous to Üie TS-pathway, i. e. by initial oxygenation and oxidation of the methyl-group to form terephthalate. The same set of enzymes was used to oxidize the methyl-group of TS and p-toluate. Hence these enzymes are not specific for the sulfonated Substrates but are probably enzymes which stem from the degradation of natural aromatic componds and which have a broad substrate range. After Üie oxidation of Üie methyl-group, the degradative pathways of TS and p-toluate in strain T-2 separate: PSB and terephthalate were oxygenated by different dioxygenases. Further studies wül show, whether Üie desulfonative PSBDOS has evolved from terephthalate dioxygenase. Finally, preliminary uptake experiments gave evidence for active and inducible membrane transport Systems for TS in C. testosteroni T-2 and 4-aminobenzenesulfonate in strain S-l.

4 Zusammenfassung Aromatische Sulfonsäuren sind xenobiotische Verbindungen, die mit Industrieabwässem in die Umwelt gelangen können. Obwohl über den mikrobiellen Abbau von verschiedenen, einfachen sulfonierten Aromaten berichtet wurde, sind nur wenige Abbauwege aufgeklärt, und sehr wenig ist über die betreffenden Enzyme bekannt. Aus aeroben, Kohlenstoff-Iimitierten Anreicherungskulturen wurden Bakterienstämme isoliert, die verschiedene substituierte Benzolsulfonsäuren wie 4-Toluolsulfonsulfonat (TS), 4-Hydroxybenzolsulfonat, 2-, 3- und 4-Aminobenzolsulfonsulfonat sowie 3-Nitrobenzolsulfonat mineralisieren konnten. Der Abbau von TS durch den Stamm Comamonas testosteroni T-2 wurde als ModeUsystem gewählt und näher untersucht. Dieser Stamm oxidierte die Methylgruppe von TS, was zur Bildung von 4-Sulfobenzoat (PSB) führte. PSB wurde dann zu Sulfit und Protocatechuat desulfonieit, das via mera-ringspaltung weiter abgebaut wurde. An der Oxidation der Methylgruppe von TS waren drei Enzyme beteiligt. Der erste Schritt, die Hydroxylierung von TS zu 4-Sulfobenzylalcohol (SOL), wurde von einer NADH-abhängigen Monooxygenase katalysiert. Dieses Enzym, das aus Rohextrakt von auf TS gewachsenen Zellen isoliert und gereinigt wurde, bestand aus zwei Komponenten: Eine Reduktase (A/r 36 kda), welche ein [2Fe-2S]-Zentrum sowie FMN als Cofaktor enthielt, Übertrag Elektronen auf die Oxygenase Komponente. Bei der Oxygenase- Komponente handelte es sich um ein aus drei oder vier identischen Untereinheiten von 43 kda aufgebautes Eisen-Schwefel-Protein. Dieses 4-Toluolsulfonat Methyl- Monooxygenase System (TSMOS) oxidierte neben TS auch 3- und 4-Methylbenzoat (mund p-toluat), 4-Ethylbenzoat sowie 4-Methoxybenzoat. In Versuchen mit Ü2 wurde gezeigt, dass der bei der Hydroxylierung eingebaute Sauerstoff von Luftsauerstoff (O2) stammte. Die beiden nächsten Enzyme für die Umwandlung von TS zu PSB, eine NADabhängige 4-Sulfobenzylalkohol Dehydrogenase sowie eine NAD-abhängige 4-Sulfobenzaldehyd Dehydrogenase wurden isoliert und weitgehend gereinigt. Beide Enzyme transformierten neben den sulfonierten auch die analogen carboxylierten Substrate mit vergleichbaren Umsatzraten. Die Desulfonierung von PSB zu Protocatechuat und Sulfit wurde durch eine aus zwei Komponenten bestehende Dioxygenase katalysiert (4-Sulfobenzoat Dioxygenase System, PSBDOS), die ebenfalls gereinigt und charakterisiert wurde. Die FMN-haltige

5 Reduktase von TSMOS fungierte auch hier als Reduktase. Eine zweite, PSBDOSspezifische Reduktase wurde im Rohextrakt nachgewiesen aber nicht näher untersucht. Die Oxygenase Komponente bestand aus zwei identischen Untereinheiten von 50 kda, welche je ein [2Fe-2S]-Zentrum enthielten. PSBDOS hatte eine hohe Spezifität für PSB; kein anderes sulfonierles oder nicht-sulfoniertes Substrat wuide gefunden. Protocatechuat und Sulfit wurden ds Produkte der Reaktion von PSB mit dem reinen Enzym beobachtet; der Sauerstoff beider eingebauter Hydroxylgruppen stammte aus Luftsauerstoff. Dies bestätigt die Hypothese, dass bei der dioxygenolytischen Desulfonierung ein unstabues sulfoniertes Dihydrodiol gebildet wird, welches spontan rearomatisiert und die Sulfonat- Gruppe als Sulfit entlässt. C. testosteroni T-2 metabolisierte auch 4-Methylbenzoat (p-toluat), die carboxylierte strukturanaloge Verbindung von TS, durch Oxidation der Methylgruppe zum Zwischenprodukt Terephthalat. Für die Oxidation der Methylgruppen von TS und p-toluat wurden die selben Enzyme eingesetzt. Bei diesen handelt es sich also nicht um spezifisch auf sulfonierte Aromaten ausgerichtete Enzyme, sondern wahrscheinlich um Enzyme aus Abbauwegen für natürliche aromatische Verbindungen. Nach der Oxidation der Methylgruppe trennt sich der Abbauweg von TS und p-toluat in Stamm T-2: PSB und Terephthalat wurden offenbar von zwei verschiedenen Dioxygenasen hydroxyliert. Zukünftige Untersuchungen sollen zeigen, ob zwischen PSBDOS und der noch nicht näher charakterisierten Terephthalat-Dioxygenase evolutionäre Verwandschaft besteht. Erste Resultate von Versuchen zum Membrantransport von sulfonierten Aromaten deuteten auf aktive und induzierbare Transportsysteme für TS in C. testosteroni T-2 und für 4-Aminobenzolsulfonat in Stamm S-l hin.

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