HYDROGENATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN A FLOW MICROREACTOR AT PRESSURES UP TO 1000 BAR

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1 Diss ETH No HYDROGENATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN A FLOW MICROREACTOR AT PRESSURES UP TO 1000 BAR A dissertation submitted to ETH Zurich For the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by Bruno Tidona MSc ETH in Process Engineering Born on April 16, 1979 Citizen of Schaffhausen (SH), Switzerland Accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Ph. Rudolf von Rohr (ETH Zurich), examiner Prof. Dr. I. Hermans (ETH Zurich), co-examiner 2013

2 IV Abstract Microreactor technology offers the possibility to conduct chemical reactions at high temperatures and pressures without the need for excessive wall thickness thanks to high heat and mass transfer capabilities and small reactor volumes. This thesis presents a high pressure plant able to conduct CO 2 hydrogenation reactions in heterogeneous flow microreactors at pressures up to 1000 bar. A hydrogen mass flow controller system was developed in order to control the hydrogen flow in the microliter per minute range at pressure up to 1000 bar. First, the functionality and accuracy of the developed hydrogen mass flow controller is shown with satisfactory results. Then the plant functionality was validated by conducting the reverse water gas shift reaction using a platinumceria catalyst. It was shown that by increasing the pressure from 200 to 800 bar three times larger space time yields were achieved based on converted CO 2. The beneficial influence of high pressure reaction conditions on the methanol space time yield was shown by conducting CO 2 hydrogenation reaction to methanol over a home-made 18 wt% Cu/Al 2 O 3. For comparison of the high pressure CO 2 hydrogenation reaction with the conventional syngas to methanol reaction a commercial Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 catalyst was used and it has been shown that the catalyst activity is 42% higher for the conversion of syngas to methanol at 50 bar compared to the conversion of CO 2 /H 2 to methanol at 700 bar. Despite the smaller activities the high pressure CO 2 /H 2 to methanol approach is a promising alternative to the syngas-to-methanol process because of the sustainable reactant feed mixture

3 (if the syngas is produced from natural gas reforming). However, more active catalysts for the CO 2 /H 2 -to-methanol reaction has to be designed to meet the reaction performance of the conventional methanol synthesis reaction. An energy balance has shown that the total energy efficiency for the production of methanol from CO 2 and H 2 is almost pressure independent. Hence the high pressure CO 2 /H 2 to methanol approach does not affect the total energy efficiency adversely. Nevertheless, higher power consumption when compared to the conventional natural gas-to-methanol process makes the CO 2 -to-methanol process only competitive if future regulations on sustainable methanol production will come into effect. A micro view cell was designed and built as first attempt in order to have an optical access to the reactor inner space for phase behaviour studies and in-situ Raman spectroscopy. A pressure test resulted in a failure of the bonding between sapphire window and Kovar surface at 400 bar. Geometrical adaptations as well as an improved bonding may improve the mechanical strength of the cell so that it can withstand pressures up to 1000 bar. Beside the project on the high pressure plant, mass transfer studies in a micro packed bed were conducted at ambient pressure and temperature because little was known about the liquid-to-particle mass transfer in micro packed bed reactors where the channel to particle diameter ratio N is rather small. It was found that Sherwood number values measured in the fused silica capillaries for the case N > 8.8 are comparable to the literature correlation for macro packed beds. Nevertheless, for the case 4 < N < 8.8 and Reynolds numbers Re 0 > 10.7 the literature correlation for macro packed beds overestimates the measured Sherwood values. This is attributed to the inhomogeneous velocity distribution in the micro packed bed caused by the higher porosities at the wall. V

4 VI Zusammenfassung Die Mikroreaktortechnik bietet die Möglichkeit chemische Reaktionen bei hohen Temperaturen und Drücken durchzuführen ohne grossen apparativen Aufwand treiben zu müssen. Dies ist aufgrund des grossen Wärme- und Stofftransport in Mikroreaktoren sowie dem kleinen Reaktorvolumen möglich. Diese Dissertation präsentiert eine Hochdruckanlage, welche für die heterogene CO 2 Hydrierungsreaktionen in Mikroreaktoren bis 1000 bar ausgelegt wurde. Wegen mangelnder Verfügbarkeit auf dem Markt, wurde ein Wasserstoff-Massendurchflussregler entwickelt, der im Mikroliter pro Minute Bereich bei Drücken bis 1000 bar arbeiten kann. Zuerst wird die Funktionalität und die Genauigkeit des Wasserstoff- Massendurchflussreglers gezeigt. Danach wird anhand der Umkehr Wasser- Gas-Shiftreaktion, welche mittels einem Platin-Zeroxid Katalysator durchgeführt wurde, die Anlage validiert. Durch die Erhöhung des Druckes von 200 auf 800 bar ist die auf das umgesetzte CO 2 bezogene Raum-Zeit- Ausbeute um das Dreifache gestiegen. Der positive Einfluss von hohen Drücken auf die Methanol Raum-Zeit- Ausbeute wurde anhand der CO 2 Hydrierungsreaktion mittels einem 18 wt% Cu/Al 2 O 3 Katalysator gezeigt. Um die CO 2 /H 2 -zu-methanol Hochdruckreaktion mit der konventionellen Synthesegas-zu-Methanol Reaktion zu vergleichen ist die CO 2 Hydrierung mit einem kommerziellen Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 Katalysator durchgeführt worden. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute der konventionellen Synthesegas-zu-Methanol Reaktion 42% höher ist im Vergleich zur CO 2 /H 2 -zu-methanol Reaktion bei 700 bar. Trotz der tieferen Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute ist die CO 2 /H 2 -zu-methanol

5 VII Hochdruckreaktion eine vielversprechende Alternative zur konventionellen Synthesegas-zu-Methanol Reaktion dank dem nachhaltigen Reaktandengemisch (mit der Annahme, dass das Synthesegas aus Erdgas hergestellt wird). Dennoch, die Entwicklung eines aktiveren Katalysators ist notwendig um den Umsatz des CO 2 /H 2 Reaktandengemisches zu Methanol weiter zu steigern. Die Energiebilanzierung für die Produktion des Methanols aus CO 2 und H 2 zeigt, dass die Energieeffizienz vom Druck unabhängig ist. Somit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Verwendung von sehr hohen Drücken sich nicht nachhaltig auf den Energieaufwand auswirkt. Der generell höhere Energieaufwand im Vergleich zum Erdgas-zu-Methanol Prozess macht den CO 2 /H 2 -zu-methanol Ansatz nur dann konkurrenzfähig, wenn in Zukunft Gesetze erlassen werden, welche die nachhaltige Methanolherstellung begünstigen. In einem ersten Versuch wurde eine Mikrosichtzelle entwickelt, welche den optischen Zugang zum Reaktor ermöglicht, um den Phasenzustand des Fluids zu bestimmen und um in-situ Raman Messungen durchzuführen. Bei einem Drucktest löste sich die Verbindung zwischen Saphirfenster und Kovarboxoberfläche bei 400 bar ab. Änderungen an der Geometrie der Mikrosichtzelle sowie eine verbesserte mechanische Verbindung zwischen Fenster und Zelle würde deren Festigkeit erhöhen, sodass die Sichtzelle bei Drücken bis zu 1000 bar betrieben werden kann. Neben dem Projekt zur Auslegung der Hochdruckanlage wurde der Stofftransport zwischen Flüssigkeit und Feststoffpartikeln in einem Mikrofestbett (kleiner Kanal- zu Partikeldurchmesserverhältnis N) bei Umgebungstemperatur und druck untersucht. Der Grund für diese Untersuchung war die fehlende Literatur über den Stofftransport im Mikrofestbett und weil es für die Abschätzung der Stofftransportlimitierung im Mikroreaktor wichtig ist. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die in der Fused Silica Kapillare gemessene Sherwoodzahl für den Fall N > 8.8 vergleichbar zur Makrofestbett-Korrelation ist. Jedoch ist die Makrofestbett-Korrelation ungeeignet für den Fall 4 > N > 8.8 und Reynoldszahlen Re 0 > 10.7, da die gemessenen Sherwoodzahlen eindeutig tiefer gemessen wurden. Der Grund hierfür ist die inhomogene Geschwindigkeitsverteilung über den Querschnitt, welche durch die erhöhte Porosität zur Wand hervorgerufen wird.

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