Balancing renewable energies the European Challenge

Transkript

1 FRQNT Research Day Montreal, Canada, April 11 th, 2011 Balancing renewable energies the European Challenge Jürgen Karl Chair of Energy Process Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen- Nürnberg, Germany

2 1. Impact of Renewable Energies on the European energy system Electricity costs Grid stability Employment effects Security-of-supply 2. Back-up solutions for renewable energies Back-up technologies for renewable energies Decentralized or centralized generation 3. Storage solutions for the Energiewende Storage tasks Chemical s 4. Ongoing energy FAU Fuel cell reserach Biomass gasification Methanation of biogenic syngas Folie 2

3 1. Impact of Renewable Energies on the European energy system Electricity costs Grid stability Employment effects Security-of-supply Folie 3 Folie 3

4 Impact of the Renewable Energy Law in Germany German Renewable Energy Law ( EEG ) initiated a booming industry Biomass, Wind and PV cover up to 88 % of Germany s actual power consumption approximately 33% of the annual power consumption in % Installed capacity 47,3 % Installed capacity(kw) 7 x 33 x 40% 30% 20% Photovoltaics 39,8 GW 37 x 10% Wind power 44,7 GW Folie 4 EEG surpassed all expectations 0%

5 RLS Energy Network Panel, isenec, Nürnberg, July 12th, 2016 Public perception the Energiewende faces an intensive discussion in Germany Folie 5

6 Folie 6

7 Criticism against the German Energiewende 1. Renewables are expensive 2. Renewables put grid stability at risk 3. Renewable energies kill jobs 4. Renewables reduce the security-of-supply Folie 7

8 Electricity prices at the European Energy Exchange Excess of renewable electricity droped average electricity prices from 6 to 2 ct/kwh German privileged *) industries experienced the lowest power prices in Europe Folie 8 *) energy intensive industries, i.e. 25% of the German power consumption Phelix Day Base 10 ct/kwh 8 ct/kwh 6 ct/kwh 4 ct/kwh 2 ct/kwh electricity price installed renewable capacity 100 GW 80 GW 60 GW 40 GW 20 GW Installed capacity renewables

9 Criticism against the German Energiewende 1. Renewables are expensive 2. Renewables put grid stability at risk 3. Renewables kill jobs 4. Renewables reduce the security-of-supply 1,2 1) for private consumers and small enterprises only 2) scenarios without renewables would have been more expensive Folie 9

10 Discussion grid stability Wind power concentrates in northern Germany, PV in the South transport capacities are (probably ) not sufficient on the long-term Folie 10

11 System Average Interruption Duration SAIDI Index the SAIDI/SAIFI indices describe the reliability of the electricity supply The SAIDI index is defined as the system average interruption duration for customers served per year. Total Customer-Hours/Minutes of Interruptions SAIDI = Total Customers Served Folie 11

12 share of renewables installed capacity in % System Average Interruption Duration SAIDI Index the SAIDI/SAIFI indices describe the reliability of the electricity supply 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% minutes per year ,5 19,3 16,9 Germany 14,6 14,9 15,3 15,9 15,3 12,3 solar wind 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% USA Larsen, Peter H., et al. "Recent trends in power system reliability and implications for evaluating future investments in resiliency." Energy 117 (2016): minutes per year hydro EEG in Zahlen 2014, DOE, 2015 Renewable Energy Data Book Folie 12

13 Criticism against the German Energiewende 1. Renewables are expensive 2. Renewables put grid stability at risk 3. Renewable energies kill jobs 4. Renewables reduce the security-of-supply 1,2 1) for private consumers and small enterprises only 2) scenarios without renewables would have been more expensive Folie 13

14 Impact of renewable energies on employment situation in Germany Renewable energies created more than thousand jobs But volatile markets cause currently large uncertainties approx employes Folie 14 Approx employes

15 Criticism against the German Energiewende 1. Renewables are expensive 2. Renewables put grid stability at risk 3. Renewables kill jobs 4. Renewables reduce the security-of-supply 1,2 1) for private consumers and small enterprises only 2) scenarios without renewables would heve been more expensive Folie 15

16 2 nd Challenge: Age structure of the conventional power plant structure 541 TWh 614 TWh Deficites due to shutdowns within the next 10 years: Germany TWh (42%) France TWh (66%) 60 years next 10 years closed down (regular) lifetime 40 years *) *) design specification under construction (gas + coal) Germany approx. France approx. Folie TWh + 16 TWh planned Renewables in Germany ( Ausbaukorridor ) TWh (18%) nuclear lignite coal natural gas oil Germany Sources: Kraftwerksliste BNetzA Energiedaten BMWi and others France 8 GW

17 Criticism against the German Energiewende 1. Renewables are expensive 2. Renewables put grid stability at risk 3. Renewables kill jobs 4. Renewables reduce the security-of-supply 1,2 1) for private consumers and small enterprises only 2) scenarios without renewables would heve been more expensive Folie 17

18 1. Renewable energies create jobs and stabilize the energy system at reasonable costs Folie 18

19 2. Back-up solutions for renewable energies Back-up technologies for renewable energies Decentralized or centralized generation Folie 19

20 Why will upcoming energy systems be small? Public acceptance, investment risks and fossil fuel prices will further delay new conventional power plants Renewable energies will have to substitute large conventional power plants but renewable energies need back-up solutions! Folie 20

21 Why will upcoming energy systems be small? Public acceptance, investment risks and fossil fuel prices will further delay new conventional power plants Renewable energies will have to substitute large conventional power plants PEM electrolyser, Siemens PEM Electrolyser Smart UPS systems Storage EnergyServer, Bloomenergy Folie 21 CHP solutions (i.e. Fuel Cells, gas engines, microturbines, ORC )

22 1. 2. Renewable energies create jobs and stabilize the energy system at reasonable costs Key technologies on the medium- and long-term are small-scale (CHP-) systems and storage solutions Folie 22

23 3. Storage solutions for the Energiewende Storage tasks Chemical s Folie 23

24 Storage tasks Storage systems: Baseload storage (i.e. Batteries) Base load Storage Systems Efficient Storage systems z.b. Batteries, CAES oder Pumpspeicher Folie 24

25 A Summer Week in Germany Power Production In GW Increasing the share of wind and PV requires affordable and efficient back-up capacities Todays PV power PV Requires efficient daily load shift 10 of PV power to the base load Mo Tue Wed Thu continued installation of PV Fr Sat Su Wind Natural Gas bituminous coial lignite Nuclear Hydro Folie 25

26 Storage tasks Storage systems: Baseload storage (i.e. Batteries) Peak Power Storage systems (z.b. pumped hydro, gas turbines) Base load Storage Systems Efficient Storage systems z.b. Batteries, CAES oder Pumpspeicher Peak Power Storage solutions Highly dynamic Systems with high capacity z.b. uses existing power plant infrastructure Folie 26

27 A Spring Week in Germany Increasing the share of wind and PV requires affordable and efficient back-up capacities Increasing the share of wind and PV requires affordable and most flexible back-up capacities Power Production In GW PV Wind Pumped hydro Folie Energiewende further requires *) cheap *) due to low runtimes 10 back-up 20 capacities (i.e. gas turbines) Mo Tue Wed Thu Fr Sat Natural Gas bituminous coial lignite Nuclear Hydro Su By-the way: gas turbines don t have to be efficient

28 Storage tasks Large storage Systems (Second Generation Fuels) Long-term storage of PV and Wind power Storage systems: Baseload storage (i.e. Batteries) Peak Power Storage systems (z.b. pumped hydro, gas turbines) Systems with large Storage Capacities (Second Generation Fuels and Chemical Storage) Base load Storage Systems Efficient Storage systems z.b. Batteries, CAES oder Pumpspeicher Peak Power Storage solutions Highly dynamic Systems with high capacity z.b. uses existing power plant infrastructure Folie 28

29 RLS Energy Network Panel, isenec, Nürnberg, July 12th, 2016 Power generation in Germany Winter Solar power is generally low in winter times Problematic are in particular low wind periods Leistung in MW Januar Februar März 2010 März Januar 2 weeks Dunkelflaute Februar conv. generation Wind PV Januar Februar März 2012 Januar Februar März Folie 29 0

30 Power production in Germany Solar power is generally low in winter times Winter Problematic are in particular low wind periods Strategic storage systems have to secure up to two weeks Leistung in MW Januar Februar März Solution: Second Generation Fuels / Power-to-X Wind und PV x weeks Dunkelflaute (= dark lull) Wind and PV x 10 Folie

31 Storage tasks 3 strategic storage Large storage Systems (Second Generation Fuels) Long-term storage of PV and Wind power Storage systems: Baseload storage (i.e. Batteries) Peak Power Storage systems (z.b. pumped hydro, gas turbines) Systems with large Storage Capacities (Second Generation Fuels and Chemical Storage) 1 Base load Storage Systems Efficient Storage systems efficient storage z.b. Batteries, CAES oder Pumpspeicher Peak Power Storage solutions Highly dynamic Systems with high capacity z.b. uses existing power plant infrastructure 2 peak load storage Folie 31

32 Storage tasks 1 efficient storage 2 Peak load storage 3 strategic storage Storage systems: Baseload storage (i.e. Batteries) Peak Power Storage systems (z.b. pumped hydro, gas turbines) Systems with large Storage Capacities (Second Generation Fuels and Chemical Storage) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% target: η=100% 1,5 Mio. batteries target: 20 GW batteries 100 plants 1 plant target: 20 TWh 1,5 Mio. batteries Existing gas power plants and gas storage 100 plant Folie 32

33 1. 2. Renewable energies create jobs and stabilize the energy system at reasonable costs Key technologies on the medium- and long-term are small-scale (CHP-) systems and storage solutions 3. Different storage tasks require different storage technologies and business cases Folie 33

34 4. Ongoing energy FAU Fuel cell reserach Biomass gasification Methanation of biogenic syngas Folie 34

35 Example Fuel Cell / Electrolyser FAU Load flexible SOFC Fuel Cells / SOEC electrolysers for high temperature electrolysis for the production of renewable hydrogen Integration of heat pipes into the stack Repeating unit stack without HP Air inlet cell5 cell1 Fuel inlet Repeating unit stack Air inlet Planar Heat Pipe Folie 35 Heatpipe Interconnector cell5 with 1 HP every 10 cell layers cell K 1350 K Fuel inlet

36 Example Biomass FAU 1. Schritt: Thermal gasification Hydrogen from Biomass In-situ extraction of pure Hydrogen with metallic membranes (technology: Heatpipe Reformer) CH x O y + H 2 O (Biomasse) gasifications CO + 3 H 2 + CO 2, H 2 O, etc. ultra pure hydrogen Folie 36

37 Example Second Generation FAU Allothermal gasification (Heatpipe reformer) SNG production from sulfurous fuels Syngas cleaning and process chain demonstration 1. Step: Thermal gasification Production of synthetic natural gas" ("Methanation") from biomass and lignite CH x O y + H 2 O (Biomass) gasification CO + 3 H 2 + CO 2, H 2 O, etc. CO CH 4 Folie Step: Methanation hydrogen + 3 hydrogenation + H 2 O, CO2, heat

38 1. 2. Renewable energies create jobs and stabilize the energy system at reasonable costs Key technologies on the medium- and long-term are small-scale (CHP-) systems and storage solutions 3. Different storage tasks require different storage technologies and business cases 4. Upcoming challenges require to maximize our joint research activities and transnational cooperation Folie 38