Adaptive subband signal processing for hearing instruments

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Adaptive subband signal processing for hearing instruments Author(s): Wyrsch, Sigisbert Publication Date: 2000 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 Diss. ETH No Adaptive Subband Signal Processing for Hearing Instruments A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Technical Seiences presented by SIGISBERT WYRSCH Dipl. El.-Ing. ETH born March 5, 1965 citizen of Buochs (NW), Switzerland accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. F. Eggimann, examiner PD Dr. N. Dillier, co-examiner Dr. A. N. Kälin, advisor, co-examiner 2000

3 Abstract Electro-acoustic hearing instruments (hearing aids) are designed to enhance the speech intelligibility of hearing-impaired persons. Two crucial problems concerning the design of hearing-instrument algorithms are the computational complexity, which is restricted by the available battery life, and the acoustic feedback, which limits the maximal gain of the hearing-loss compensator and influences the stability ofthe hearing instrument. Two further problems are the nonlinearity and time-varying nature of the hearing-loss compensation, which can introduce audible artifacts in the receiver (loudspeaker) signal. In this thesis a computationally efficient transform called the augmentedmodulated lapped transform (AMLT), is introduced. In contrast to the widely used modulated lapped transform (MLT), the AMLT additionally uses the phase information of the complex-valued subbands. This enables the AMLT to perform acoustic echo cancellation. Throughout the thesis we compare a hearing-instrument system using the AMLT with a system based on the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) using the overlap-save concept. A dynamic-range compression scheme which compensates the sensorineural hearing impairment called recruitment of loudness is developed. The result is a computationally efficient hearing-loss compensator designed with the help of prototype filters. Audible artifacts are eliminated with a smooth gain control. Measured feedback-path impulse responses of behind-the-ear (BTE) and inthe-ear (ITE) hearing instruments are examined and their common features, such as magnitude-response shape and delay, are stated. The feedback suppression performance of the open-loop system is determined by analyzing the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) of the optimal linear (Wiener)

4 viii Abstract FIR filter. Because of its simplicity and low computational complexity, the power-normalized least-mean-square (PNLMS) algorithm is used to update the weights of the adaptive feedback canceler. A new step-size control is introduced to eliminate audible artifacts stemming from the nonlinear hearing-loss compensator. To determine the stability of the closed-loop system, an accurate measure of the loop gain is developed. The closed-loop simulations show that 64 subbands yield an error level of less than -20 db while using a gain which is 10dB larger than the maximal gain possible without a feedback canceler. To test the overlap-save concept, a real-time digital signal processor (DSP) implementation was programmed. The DSP system was tested on a KEMAR (Knowles Electronics Manikin for Acoustic Research) using a dummy BTE hearing instrument. The tests were in close agreement with the simulation results. Keywords. Digital hearing instrument, psychoacoustics, subband signal processing, adaptive feedback suppression, compensation of recruitment of loudness, real-time DSP implementation.

5 Kurzfassung In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden verschiedene Signalverarbeitungsalgorithmen für digitale Hörgeräte besprochen. Dank der digitalen Signalverarbeitung eröffnen sich neuartige Lösungswege um wirkungsvolle Hörgeräte für starke Hörbeeinträchtigungen zu realisieren, die mit analogen Signalverarbeitungsalgorithmen nicht realisierbar sind. Hauptsächlich betrachten wir Algorithmen die im Frequenzbereich arbeiten. Die recheneffiziente Implementierung von Frequenzteilbändern mit Blockverarbeitungsalgorithmen erlaubt eine wesentliche Erhöhung der Lebensdauer von Hörgerätebatterien, verglichen zu einer Realisierung im Zeitbereich. Im Detail wird ein in Teilbändem arbeitender, adaptiver Echokompensator zur Erhöhung der Verstärkung des nichtlinearen Hörverlustkompensator besprochen. Um die zeitdiskreten Signale in Teilbänder zu transformieren verwenden wir die schnelle Fourier Transformation (FFT) zusammen mit dem "overlap-save" Algorithms oder die von uns eingeführte "augmented modulated lapped transform" (AMLT). Im Gegensatz zur "modulated lapped transform" (MLT) verwendet die AMLT zusätzlich die Phaseninformation der komplexen Teilbänder, um das akustische Echo effizient zu unterdrücken. Mit Hilfe einer nichtlinearen, zeitvarianten Dynamikkompression wird versucht die sogenannte "recruitment of loudness"-hörbeeinträchtigung zu kompensieren. Allfällige hörbare Verzerrungen des Lautsprechersignals werden mit einer von uns entwickelten Verstärkungssteuerung der recheneffizienten Realisierung des Hörverlustkompensators reduziert. Die detailierte Analyse von verschiedenen Rückkopplungspfaden von Hörgeräten zeigt uns deren Gemeinsamkeiten, wie Zeitverzögerung und Form der Übertragungsfunktion. Die bestmöglichste Echokompensation haben wir mit

6 x Kurzfassung Hilfe des optimalen, linearen (Wiener) FIR-Filters berechnet. Wegen seines robusten Verhaltens und des geringen Rechenaufwands verwenden wir für die Adaption des Echokompensators den leistungsnormierten LMS-Algorithmus (PNLMS). Hörbare Verzerrungen, welche vom nichtlinearen Hörverlustkompensator hervorgerufen werden, haben wir mit einer neuartigen PNLMS-Schrittweitensteuerung eliminiert. Die Stabilität des gesamten Systems, welche durch die Verstärkung des geschlossenen Regelkreises bestimmt ist, können wir anhand einer genauen Schätzung der Kreisverstärkung beeinflussen. Simulationsergebnissefür den Echokompensatorzeigten, dass mit 64 Teilbändern ein Fehler unterhalb der - 20-dB-Schwelle erzielt werden kann, selbst wenn die Verstärkung mehr als 10 db grösser ist als die maximal mögliche Verstärkung ohne Echokompensator. Der gesamte Hörgerätalgorithmus wurde auf einem digitalen Signalprozessor (DSP) programmiert und in Echtzeit zusammen mit einer Hörgerätattrappe an einem Kunstkopf erfolgreich ausgetestet. Stichworte. Digitales Hörgerät, Psychoakustik, Signalverarbeitung in Teilbändern, adaptiver Echokompensator, Kompensation des Hörverlusts, Echtzeit-DSP-System.

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