Laser cooling of cesium atoms an experimental study of the magneto-optical trap
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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Laser cooling of cesium atoms an experimental study of the magneto-optical trap Author(s): Marty, Thomas Publication Date: 1996 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library
2 Diss. ETH No Laser cooling of cesium atoms: an experimental study of the magneto-optical trap A dissertation submitted to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Thomas Marty Dipl. Phys. ETH Dipl. El.-Ing. ETH born on May 31th, 1963 citizen of Malans (GR) accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. P. Giinter, examiner Dr. P. Thomann, co-examiner Zurich, 1996
3 Abstract/Zusammenfassung 5 Abstract Many atomic-physics experiments are limited by the random motion of the atoms. Ultra high-resolution spectroscopy for example is often lim ited by Doppler or transit time effects. Similarly, velocity and angular resolution of collision experiments are frequently limited by the spread in velocity of the collision partners. Thus a reasonably dense atomic sample with well-defined velocity (or zero velocity) would be highly de sirable for such experiments. In addition, recent interest in the use of cold atoms to improve the time standard as well as the possibility of creating electromagnetic traps for neutral atoms has generated a need for atoms at nearly zero velocity. This kind of atomic samples be produced using radiation pressure from laser beams. can now This work reports on the confinement and cooling of neutral cesium atoms by radiation pressure to an optically dense cloud. The trapping and damping forces are provided by three circularly polarised retroreflected laser beams propagating along orthogonal axes, with a weak magnetic field used to regulate the light pressure in conjunction with the laser frequency. As many as 2 x 108 atoms could be trapped for over 30 minutes at densities exceeding 109 atoms cm~3. The atoms, once trapped, were cooled to a temperature of 1 mk and compacted in a region of about 0.5 to 4 mm in diameter, depending on the experi mental conditions. The measured dependence of the number of atoms on laser detuning and magnetic field gradient is compared with a theo retical one-dimensional model of the capture process that includes the spatially changing magnetic field. Absorption spectra of cold cesium atoms were recorded as well as the absorption of the freely falling cloud in function of time. Based on this the temperature of the cloud was determined. These experiments form a basis for coherent laser spectroscopy with cold atoms, where pump and probe beam techniques are combined.
4 6 A bstract/zusammenfassung The laser system for the experiments was built with semiconductor lasers. At the time this work started these lasers were the only avail able light sources that met the demands of laser cooling experiments at a reasonable price. Various techniques were used to stabilise the frequency and narrow the linewidth of the lasers. Among these are in jection locking for amplifying the light and the use of an external grating resonator to control and narrow the emission of the diodes. Frequency references were provided by Doppler-free saturated-absorption spectra. With a simple control loop the frequency of the lasers was stabilised on the side or on the top of a saturated atomic absorption line. For the latter the technique of derivative spectroscopy was employed. Laser cooling of cesium atoms and temperature determination by ab sorption measurements represent a demonstration of various techniques and concepts from optics and control theory that have been successfully combined in this work. The application of coherent laser spectroscopy or magnetic resonance to cold atoms will be a fruitful field for further experiments, but is beyond the scope of this work. Zusammenfassung Viele Experimente der Atomphysik sind limitiert durch die thermische Bewegung der Atome. Zum Beispiel im Bereich dcr hochauflosenden Spektroskopie spielen der Doppler-Effekt und die Flugzeitverbreiterung eine wichtige Rolle. Ahnlich wird die Geschwindigkeits- und Winkelauflosung von Stossexperimenten oft limitiert durch die Breite der Geschwindigkeitsverteilung der Stosspartner. Fur diese Experimente ist es wiinschbar, eine ausreichend grosse und dichte Probe von Atomen zu haben, die eine schmale Geschwindigkeitsverteilung aufweist mit kleinem oder verschwindendem Mittelwert. Das Interesse an kalten Atomen, um den Zeitstandard zu verbessern oder um neutrale Atome in elektromagnetischen Fallen zu speichern, hat den Bedarf nach kalten
5 Abstract/Zusammenfassung 7 Atomen mit verschwindender Geschwindigkeit gesteigert. Proben sol dier Atome konnen heute erzeugt werden mit dem Strahlungsdruck von Laserstrahlen. Diese Arbeit berichtet iiber das Einschliessen und Kiihlen von neutralen Casiumatomen mit resonantem Laserlicht zu einer optisch dichten Wolke. Die Einschliess- und Dampfungskrafte werden erzeugt durch drei zirkular polarisierte, riickreflektierte Laserstrahlen, die sich entlang orthogonaler Achsen ausbreiten, kombiniert mit einem schwachen Magnetfeld, das zusammen mit der Laserfrequenz den Lichtdruck regelt. Insgesamt 2 x 108 Atome konnten eingefangen werden fiir iiber 30 Minuten bei Dichten iiber 109 Atomen cm~3. Die eingefangenen Atome wurden gekiihlt auf eine Temperatur von 1 mk und auf einen Bereich von 0.5 bis 4 mm Durchmesser eingeschlossen, je nach experimentellen Bedingungen. Die gemessene Abhangigkeit der Anzahl eingeschlossener Atome von der Kuhllaserfrequenz und dem Magnetfeldgradienten wur de verglichen mit einem eindimensionalen theoretischen Modell des Einfangprozesses, das das raumlich andernde Magnetfeld beriicksichtigt. Absorptionsspektren einer Wolke kalter Atome wurden aufgenommen, ebenso die Absorption der frei fallenden Wolke als Funktion der Zeit. Daraus wurde die Temperatur der Wolke bestimmt. Diese Expe rimente bilden eine Basis fiir koharente Laserspektroskopie mit kalten Atomen, wo Pump- und Teststrahltechniken angewendet werden. Das Lasersystem fiir die Experimente wurde aus Halbleiterlasern aufgebaut. Als diese Arbeit begonnen wurde, waren Halbleiterlaser die einzigen Lichtquellen, die zu einem vernunftigen Preis die Anforderungen an Laserkiihlexperimente erfiillen konnten. Verschiedene Techniken zur Frequenzstabilisierung und zur Reduktion der Linienbreite wurden angewendet. Darunter sind Injection locking, um das Licht zu verstarken, und der Gebrauch externer Gitterresonatoren, um die Frequenz der Laserdioden zu kontrollieren und die Linienbreite zu reduzieren. Als Frequenzreferenzen dienten dopplerfreie, gesattigte Ab-
6 8 A bstract/zusammenfassung sorptionsspektren. Mit einer einfachen Regelschleife wurde die Frequenz der Laser auf die Flanke oder auf die Spitze einer gesattigten Absorptionslinie stabilisiert. Fiir letzteres wurde die Technik der Ableitungsspektroskopie verwendet. Laserkiihlung von Casiumatomen und Temperaturbestimmung mittels Absorptionsmessungen stellen eine Demonstration verschiedener Techniken und Konzepte aus Optik und Regelungstechnik dar, die in dieser Arbeit erfolgreich kombiniert wurden. Die Anwendung koharenter Laserspektroskopie oder magnetischer Resonanz auf kalte Atome ist ein fruchtbares Gebiet fiir weitere Experimente, das den Rahmen dieser Arbeit aber iibersteigt.
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