Research Collection. Identification of imprinted genes and their functional roles in Arabidopsis thaliana. Doctoral Thesis.

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Identification of imprinted genes and their functional roles in Arabidopsis thaliana Author(s): Wolff, Philip Publication Date: 2015 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 DISS. ETH NO Identification of imprinted genes and their functional roles in Arabidopsis thaliana A dissertation submitted to the ETH ZURICH For the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by PHILIP MAXIMILIAN WOLFF Master of Science, Leibniz University Hannover Born on June 16th, 1983 Citizen of Germany accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Wilhelm Gruissem, examiner Prof. Claudia Köhler, co-examiner Prof. Olivier Voinnet, co-examiner 2015

3 Summary Diploid organisms carry two copies for most of their genes, one is inherited from the mother and the other is inherited from the father. Usually both copies display the same state and are either transcriptionally active or silent. However, as an exception to the Mendelian rules of inheritance, imprinted genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin dependent manner. This is caused by an epigenetic phenomenon termed genomic imprinting, where genes obtain different epigenetic marks (imprints) during female and male gametogenesis. The imprint renders maternal and paternal alleles functionally different after fertilization and imprinted genes are expressed either from the maternally or the paternally inherited copy of the genome. Genomic imprinting does only occur in placental mammals and flowering plants, two lineages in which the developing offspring is embedded within the mother and nourished from maternal resources. In plants, genomic imprinting occurs mainly in the endosperm, suggesting that imprinted genes play important functional roles during seed development. Due to the scarce knowledge about imprinted loci in plants, little is known about the molecular regulation of imprinted genes and their putative functions. My work identified more than 60 novel imprinted genes in Arabidopsis and illustrates that maternal and paternal specific gene expression is caused by different epigenetic mechanisms. While maternally expressed imprinted genes (MEGs) are regulated by DNA methylation, paternally expressed imprinted genes (PEGs) are predominantly regulated by PcG proteins. I could also show that imprinted genes are associated with transposons and more rapidly evolving than other genes, providing new insights on the evolution of genomic imprinting. Moreover, functional studies revealed that PEGs erect strong postzygotic hybridization barriers in the endosperm of triploid seeds. Interploidy hybridizations with increased paternal genome dosage can result in failure of endosperm cellularization and abortion of the triploid progeny. My work identified a subset of PEGs that build the triploid block in Arabidopsis, uncovering a thus far underappreciated role of PEGs as drivers for sympatric speciation in plants.

4 Zusammenfassung In diploiden Organismen gibt es von den meisten Genen zwei Allele, wovon eines von der Mutter und eines vom Vater vererbt wird. Normalerweise ist die Aktivität beider Allele gleich, d.h. sie sind entweder aktiv oder inaktiv. Geprägte Gene ("imprinted genes") bilden eine Ausnahme zu den Mendelschen Vererbungsregeln, da durch die elterliche Prägung nur jeweils ein Allel dieser Gene aktiv ist, entweder das mütterliche oder väterliche Allel, hingegen das andere Allel inaktiviert wird. Dieses epigenetische Phänomen der genomischen Prägung beruht auf der unterschiedlichen epigenetischen Markierung der maternalen und paternalen Allele in den Keimzellen, welche die Allele nach der Befruchtung funktionell unterscheidet. Genomische Prägung kommt in Säugetieren und Blütenpflanzen vor, zwei systematischen Klassen in denen die Entwicklung der Nachkommenschaft und deren Versorgung innerhalb der Mutter stattfindet. In Pflanzen findet genomische Prägung vorrangig im Endosperm statt, was darauf hindeutet, dass geprägte Gene spezifische Funktionen während der Samenentwicklung ausüben. Bisher wurden jedoch nur sehr wenige geprägte Gene in Pflanzen entdeckt, und sowohl die molekulare Regulation als auch die Funktion geprägter Gene sind noch weitestgehend unbekannt. In meiner Arbeit habe ich mehr als 60 neue geprägte Gene in Arabidopsis identifiziert und die mechanistischen Unterschiede der epigenetischen Prägung zwischen mütterlich und väterlich aktiven Genen untersucht. Während die Regulation mütterlich aktiver Gene im Wesentlichen durch DNA Methylierung beeinflusst wird, werden väterlich aktive Gene überwiegend durch Proteinkomplexe der Polycomb-Familie reguliert. Ich konnte ebenfalls zeigen, dass geprägte Gene mit mobilen DNA Elementen (Transposons) assoziiert sind und sich schneller entwickeln als der genomweite Durchschnitt; eine Entdeckung die neue Erkenntnisse über die Evolution der genomischen Prägung liefert. Funktionsstudien veranschaulichten weiterhin, dass väterlich aktive geprägte Gene postzygotische Hybridisierungsbarrieren im Endosperm triploider Samen aufbauen. Kreuzungen von Pflanzen mit unterschiedlichen Chromosomensätzen (Ploidy) führen üblicherweise zur fehlerhaften Zellularisierung des Endosperms und zum Absterben der Samen. In meiner Arbeit konnte ich nachweisen, dass eine Gruppe von väterlich aktiven geprägten Gene für diese Hybridisierungsbarriere in Arabidopsis verantwortlich

5 ist und konnte damit eine neue Funktionen geprägter Gene während der sympatrischen Artbildung in Pflanzen demonstrieren.

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