Ingenieur- und Verkehrspsychologie

Transkript

1 Cycling in Braunschweig: Characteristic crashes, crash risks, risk behavior, and motivation for infringements of traffic regulations Anja Katharina Huemer, Mark Vollrath AHFE, Krakow, July 19 th -23 rd, 2014

2 Background ROAD USERS CYCLISTS 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 2

3 Road Users Cyclists Crash involvement in Germany 2009 Number of crashes [#] Percentage of all crashes [%] all crashes fatal severely lightly injured injured all crashes # cyclists % cyclists Source: DESTATIS 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 3

4 Road Users Cyclists Crash involvement in Braunschweig 2009 Number of crashes [#] Percentage of all crashes [%] all crashes fatal severely injured lightly injured all crashes # cyclists % cyclists 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 4 Source: Polizeidirektion Braunschweig

5 CYCLING CRASHES IN BRAUNSCHWEIG 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 5

6 Cycling in Braunschweig City of Braunschweig 250,000 inhabitants 3 Universities 18,000 students Historically car-friendly infrastructure Automotive industry 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 6

7 Cyclists crashes in Braunschweig 2009 Pilot Data Base I Cyclists crashes in Braunschweig 2009 Crashes Fatalities Severely injured Lightly injured Number of incidents [#] Information available Subjects At fault party Affected parties Environmental factors Season Time of day Weather conditions Infrastructure Site Crash Crash type Special characteristics 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 7

8 New taxonomy for cycling crashes Recoding all crash reports 1. Without other party 1. Personal negligence / losing way 2. Cyclists hits static object 2. Cyclists is affected party 1. Other party turning / crossing 2. Longitudinal traffic 3. Crossing cyclist 4. Other party backs / makes U-turn 5. Crash between starting parties 3. Cyclists is at-fault party 1. Other party turning / crossing 2. Longitudinal traffic 3. Crash with object (suddenly) entering in cycling path 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page

9 Cycling crash characteristics Injuries, weather & light Injuries Surface conditions Lightning conditions 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 9

10 Cycling crash characteristics Parties gender & mistakes 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 10

11 Cyclists behavior and crashes in Braunschweig RISK ESTIMATION WITH A CASE-CONTROL STUDY 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 11

12 Case-Control Pilot Method Risk measure: Odds Ratio (OR): x-fold elevated risk 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 12

13 Typical accidents and example locations Accident Data - Pilot Cases Sites with relevant crashes Analysis of cyclists crashes Braunschweig 2009 (n = 613 crashes) Selection of 6 intersections and one supermarket entrance Example: Intersections at Ring High traffic density, esp. in commuting times Typical accidents Red-light running cyclist is hit by straight-driving car Left-turning car hits oncoming cyclist Right-turning car hits cyclist riding in same direction [fatal accident] 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 13

14 Observations Method Observation site Sketch of location Observation of cyclists (2011) Time of day matched to crash times (7.00 a.m. to p.m.) Gender & age (estimate) Cyclists infringement Usage of cycling path in wrong direction Cycling on pedestrian path Running Stop signs Red light running (without light in darkness) 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 14

15 Are cyclists that bad? Observed infringement of cyclists rode cycling path in forbidden direction Entgegen Fahrtrichtung 22 crossed on red light Bei Rot 9 rode on pedestrian Auf Gehweg path 3 crossed the street at a forbidden place Auf Straße 1 N= 1152 observations Subjects [%] Anteil Personen [%] 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 15

16 Results: pilot case control study Riding cycling path in forbidden direction Observations 2011 N = 1152 Selected crashes 2009 N = 30 permitted forbidden Dangerous Cycling in forbidden direction OR = 1.51 All crashes 2009 N = 613 Crashes BS 2009 vs. observations July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 16

17 Christoph Fricke GEISTER-RADLER MOTIVES FOR CYCLING WRONG WAY 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 17

18 Wrong way clyclists and their motives BSc Christoph Fricke N = 2549 cyclists observed 57% male, 43% female (too) many students 16% cycling wrong way ) Campus Nord / IT-Center On their way from A to B 2) Bültenweg & Rebenring Many stopovers on the wrong side of the street 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 18

19 Why do you ride on the forbidden side? Interviewing the (Geister)radler Why are they doing it? What would stop them? more Mehr crossings Überwege 50 legal Beidseitig on both befahrbar sides 17 Höhere higher Strafen fines better Bessere traffic Schilder signs more Mehr surveillance Kontrollen better Mehr Schulungen education Anteil Personen Subjects [%] [%] N = 96 cyclists; 70 permitted side, 26 Geisterradler; 63 of the 70 have been wrong way cyclists in the past 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 19

20 Lars Luber & Heike Buttersack CYCLING WITHOUT LIGHT: OBSERVATIONS & ONLINE- QUESTIONNAIRE 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 20

21 Cycling without light - Observations Dipl. Psych. Lars Luber age group About 4600 observations May 8th June 22nd nights, 10:00 p.m. - 3:30 a.m. male female 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 21

22 Number of cyclists Number of cyclists Number of cyclists Cycling without light - Observations Dipl. Psych. Lars Luber Cycling without light other infringements cycling the wrong way yes cycling on pedestrian path no with light without light front light only back light only No prediction of non-lighted cyclists (Regression: light use ~ characteristics; R² < 0.12) yes no 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 22

23 Cycling without light Online-Questionnaire Dipl. Psych. Heike Buttersack N = 755 subjects 54% male, 46% female never nie 21 very sehr seldom selten 36 seldom selten sometimes manchmal often most sehr times oft 8 6 always immer 2 Subjects [%] Anteil Personen [%] Why are they doing it? What would stop them? Mit with Licht light without Ohne Licht light Mit with Licht light Ohne without Licht light Wichtig safer with Sicherheit light Verwerflich morals safe Ohne without Licht sicher light being Entdeckung caught by police Polizei Licht no need Stadt in überflüssig the city embarrassed Peinlich when caught Polizei more attentive Aufpassen without ohne light Licht Bußgeld (n.s.) better Besser seeing sehen with fines Besser gesehen better Freund mit Licht werden seen (n.s.) with social pressure Agreement Skalenwerte [1 7] [1..7] 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page Agreement [1 7] Skalenwerte [1..7]

24 Daniela Markwitz & Kerstin Eckhardt-Lieberam DO THEY EVEN KNOW THE TRAFFIC REGULATIONS? - ONLINE-QUESTIONNAIRE 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 24

25 Online-questionnaire on rule-knowledge Daniela Markwitz & Kerstin Eckhardt-Lieberam Topics Lane usage Rules of giving way Speed limits Interaction with public transport & pedestrians Perception, distractions, & alcohol Legally safe bikes 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 25

26 Percentage per gender [%] Online-questionnaire on rule-knowledge Daniela Markwitz & Kerstin Eckhardt-Lieberam 353 respondents 154 male / 199 females Age: yrs, M = 31,82 (SD = 12,41) yrs Four types of cyclists Cluster Theme N Age % female 1 Cycling to work (10.47) 62.5 male female 2 Always cycling (12.11) Recreational cycling (12.06) Low cycling (10.09) 75.0 < >60 Age groups 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 26

27 Online-questionnaire on rule-knowledge Daniela Markwitz & Kerstin Eckhardt-Lieberam Percentage [%] Percentage [%] Percentage [%] Percentage [%] Rule-Knowledge by Clusters Cycling to work Always cycling Recreational cycling Corrects answers [0 43] Low cycling Corrects answers [0 43] Corrects answers [0 43] Corrects answers [0 43] 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 27

28 Summary & conclusions ARE CYCLISTS THAT BAD? 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 28

29 Are cyclists as bad as their reputation? Conclusions Infringements & cyclists crash risk In Crashes: Most times all parties make mistakes Traffic rule violations: twice as often in crashes Risky for cyclists Cycling in forbidden direction: OR = 1.51 Infringements are common Forbidden usage of pathway is most prominent:16-22% 10% run red lights 40% - 50% without light in the dark Cyclists running without light are found to do more other infringements Motives & countermeasures Convenience Self-report: Missing legal detection & enforcement Cyclists don t know the regulations 31 July 2014 Anja Katharina Huemer Cycling in Braunschweig page 29

30 Thank you for your attention! Special thanks to Anna Gebhard, Mariça Rapior, Olivia Koschel, Viktoria Ginger, Christoph Fricke, Heike Buttersack, Daniela Markwitz, Kerstin Eckhardt-Lieberam, Lars Luber, Susanne Laubersheimer