Investigation of PDX1 and its role in a novel vitamin B6 biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Investigation of PDX1 and its role in a novel vitamin B6 biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana Author(s): Titiz, Olca Publication Date: 2008 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 DISS. ETH NO INVESTIGATION OF PDX1 AND ITS ROLE IN A NOVEL VITAMIN B6 BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAY IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES presented by OLCA TITIZ M.Sc. Biotechnology, University of Wageningen 17 th February 1973 citizen of Turkey accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Nikolaus Amrhein, examiner Prof. Dr. Klaus Apel, co-examiner Dr. Teresa B. Fitzpatrick. co-examiner 2008

3 SUMMARY Vitamin B6 is an essential metabolite in all organisms. It can act as a coenzyme for numerous metabolic enzymes and has recently been shown to be a potent antioxidant. Plants and microorganisms have a de novo biosynthetic pathway for vitamin B6, but studies of its biosynthesis have been mainly restricted to Escherichia coli. Recently, based on genetic evidence in fungi, it appears that a novel pathway, distinct from the well-elucidated pathway in E. coli, is present, which involves two genes (PDX1 and PDX2) neither of which is homologous to any of those involved in the E. coli pathway. Furthermore, it seems that only a small subset of eubacteria utilize the E. coli type pathway while all other vitamin B6 synthesizing organisms use the alternative pathway. In this study, a biochemical and physiological characterization of PDX1 was performed in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Three homologues of PDX1 were identified, namely PDX1.1, PDX1.2 and PDX1.3, of which only PDX1.1 and PDX1.3 appear to be functional in pyridoxal 5 -phosphate (PLP) biosynthesis. Reconstitution of vitamin B6 biosynthesis could be accomplished in vitro in the presence of an ammonium source and either of the two functional PDX1 proteins and the substrates ribose 5-phosphate or ribulose 5-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Functional complementation of a yeast vitamin B6 auxotrophic mutant backed up these findings, and demonstrated that PDX1.1 and PDX1.3, but not PDX1.2 is functional in PLP biosynthesis. Development of single pdx1.1 and pdx1.3 mutants was affected; the disruption of PDX1.3 resulted in severe retardation of root growth, whereas disruption of PDX1.1 also affected root growth, but not as strongly. Disruption of both genes causes embryo lethality at the globular stage. Detailed examination of the single mutants, in addition to those that only have a single functional copy of either gene, indicates that although these genes are partially redundant in vitamin B6 synthesis, PDX1.3 is more requisite than PDX1.1. Developmental distinctions correlate with the vitamin B6 content. Furthermore, evidence is provided that in addition to being essential for plant growth and development, vitamin B6 also plays a role in stress tolerance and photoprotection of plants. Certain cis acting elements could be identified in the promoters of the functional PDX1.3 and PDX1.1 genes, and the unique presence of the putative auxin and ethylene responsive elements in the PDX1.3 promoter indicates a differential regulation pattern. The observation of a phenotype in pdx1.1 and pdx1.3 etiolated seedlings with discrepancies in the formation of the apical hypocotyl hook suggest a possible role of ethylene. Indeed, ethylene biosynthesis measurements lead to the conclusion that the pdx1.3 mutant is more retarded in biosynthesis of this hormone than the pdx1.1 mutant. 7

4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Vitamin B6 ist ein essentieller Metabolit in allen Organismen. Es kann als Kofaktor für zahlreiche Enzyme des Stoffwechsels wirken und es ist, wie kürzlich gezeigt wurde, ein starkes Antioxidans. Pflanzen und Mikroorganismen können Vitamin B6 de novo synthetisieren, aber Untersuchungen zu seiner Biosynthese haben sich bislang weitgehend auf Escherichia coli beschränkt. Auf der Basis von genetischen Befunden in Pilzen ist kürzlich ein neuer Biosyntheseweg postuliert worden, der sich von dem gut untersuchten Weg in E. coli unterscheidet. An ihm sind zwei Gene (PDX1 und PDX2) beteiligt, von denen keines homolog zu den Genen des E. coli Biosynthesewegs ist. Nur eine kleine Untergruppe der Eubakterien scheint den E. coli Weg zu benutzen, während alle anderen Organismen, die in der Lage sind, Vitamin B6 zu synthetisieren, den alternativen Biosyntheseweg verwenden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine biochemische und physiologische Charakterisierung von PDXI in der Modellpflanze Arabidopsis thaliana durchgeführt. Drei Homologe von PDX1 wurden identifiziert, PDX1.1, PDX1.2 und PDX1.3, von denen aber nur PDX1.1 und PDX1.3 funktionell an der Biosynthese von Pyridoxal 5 -Phosphat (PLP) beteiligt zu sein scheinen. Die in vitro Biosynthese des Vitamins B6 liess sich in Gegenwart von Ammonium und einem der beiden funktionellen PDX Proteine sowie von jeweils einem der beiden Isomere von Ribose 5-Phosphat und Ribulose 5-Phosphat bzw. Glyzerinaldehyd 3-Phosphat und Dihydroxyacetonphosphat nachweisen. Diese Befunde werden durch die funktionelle Komplementierung einer Vitamin B6 auxotrophen Hefemutante gestützt und zeigen, dass PDX1.1 und PDX1.3, nicht aber PDX1.2, in der Biosynthese von PLP fungieren. Die Entwicklung von pdx1.1 und pdx1.3 Einzelmutanten war beeinträchtigt: die Ausschaltung von PDX1.3 hatte eine starke Hemmung des Wurzelwachstums zur Folge, die Ausschaltung von PDX1.1 beeinflusste ebenfalls das Wurzelwachstum, aber weniger drastisch. Die gleichzeitige Ausschaltung beider Gene bedingte Embryoletalität im globulären Stadium. Eine detaillierte Untersuchung der Einzelmutanten, sowie von Pflanzen, die jeweils nur eine einzige funktionelle Kopie eines der beiden Gene haben, ergab, dass obwohl die beiden Gene in der Synthese von Vitamin B6 teilweise überlappende Funktionen haben, PDX1.3 in stärkerem Masse benötigt wird als PDX1.1. Veränderungen in der Entwicklung korrelieren mit dem Gehalt an Vitamin B6. Des Weiteren wurden Hinweise erhalten, dass Vitamin B6 neben seiner essentiellen Bedeutung für das Wachstum und die Entwicklung der Pflanzen eine Rolle bei der Stresstoleranz und dem Schutz vor schädigender Lichteinwirkung hat. Bestimmte cis 8

5 wirkende Elemente konnten in den Promotoren der funktionellen PDX1.3 und PDX1.1 Gene identifiziert werden, und das Vorkommen von vermutlich Auxin- und Ethylenspezifischen Sequenzen ausschliesslich im PDX1.3 Promotor weist auf ein differentielles Regulationsmuster hin. Die Beobachtung, dass die pdx1.1 und pdx1.3 Mutanten einen Phänotyp aufweisen, in dem die Bildung des apikalen Hypokotylhakens beeinträchtigt ist, lässt eine mögliche Beteiligung des Ethylens vermuten. In der Tat ergaben Messungen der Ethylenbildung, dass diese in der pdx1.3 Mutante stärker reduziert ist als in der pdx1.1 Mutante. 9

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