Introduction. Photovoltaic - Basics. One hour PV Introduction. How many PV modules do you need to cover your electricity demand?

Transkript

1 T Photovoltaic - Basics Introduction Prof. Gerd Heilscher Institute for Energy- and Drive-Technology OTTI PV-Grundlagen 1 One hour PV Introduction How many PV modules do you need to cover your electricity demand? Three times magic The ultimate answer is 1/3 to 2/3 OTTI PV-Grundlagen 2

2 Do you know your electricty demand? OTTI PV-Grundlagen Solarenergie Solar Energy OTTI PV-Grundlagen 4

3 Solar Radiation Daily Profil Sunny Rainy Day OTTI PV-Grundlagen 5 W/m² Hourly Solar Radiation Measurements 2004 OTTI PV-Grundlagen 6

4 Global yearly insulation on horizontal plane DWD ( ) metecontrol ( ) OTTI PV-Grundlagen 7 Key Figures for PV Systems = Tu v G_modul eta_wr P_ac E_modul E_ac P_STC etamodul OTTI PV-Grundlagen 8

5 Key Figures for PV Systems Modul efficiency [%] P_stc etamodul = Final Yield [kwh/kwp] 1000 Watt/m² * AModul E_ac Y = P_STC Performance Ratio [%] E_ac PR = E_modul * A_modul * etamodul OTTI PV-Grundlagen 9 Cost of PV Systems ( kW) 2 /W 2,7 /W ,5 /W /W Solar Module Inverter Installation (Material) Installation (Work) Design, Documentation OTTI PV-Grundlagen 10

6 Feed in Tarif Germany EEG Jahr Juni 2013 Juni 2014 Juni Gebäudeanlagen 43,01 39,14 28,74 19,12 bis 10 kw 15,37 13,02 ab 30 kw 40,91 37,23 27,33 23,23 bis 40 kw 15,15 12,35 ab 100 kw 39,58 35,23 25,86 21,98 bis 1000 kw 15,15 11,01 ab 1000 kw 33,00 29,37 21,56 18,33 bis 10 MWp 15,15 9,01 Freilandanlagen 31,94 28,43 21,11 17,94 bis 10 MWp 12,15 9,01 Konversionsfläch 22,07 18,76 bis 10 MWp 12,15 9,01 Alle Angaben in EURO-Cent pro kwh Gültig für 20 Jahre plus Jahr der Inbetriebnahme Beispiel Anlage 120 kwp Inbetriebnahme bis 30 kwp 0,4301 Euro/kWh 30 bis 100 kwp 0,4091 Euro/kWh 100 bis 120 kwp 0,3958 Euro/kWh Mischpreis: 0,4121Euro/kWh (2009 bis 2029) OTTI PV-Grundlagen 11 The value of Photovoltaic Solar Energy Private Household with Photovoltaic Load [Watt] Surplus Direct use Power Source: Studienarbeit, J. Conrad, Ulm 2010

7 The Value of Photovoltaic Solar Energy How much Demand is covered by Solar Buy from Utility ] Energy [kwh] Photovoltaic Power kwp Direct Use Sell to Utility Source: Energy demand WEHA GmbH, Königsbrunn The Value of Photovoltaic Solar Energy Measured Load Profiles Hochschule Ulm 100 Energy [Wh] :00 00:45 01:30 02:15 03:00 03:45 04:30 05:15 06:00 06:45 07:30 08:15 09:00 09:45 10:30 11:15 12:00 12:45 13:30 14:15 15:00 15:45 16:30 17:15 18:00 18:45 19:30 20:15 21:00 21:45 22:30 23:15 Average load (150 households) Direct use of PV Residual load of average household Photovoltaic system Surplus PV fed into grid

8 Business Models - Case 1 Utility Photovoltaic Tariff Power 4 kwp 4000 kwh/year 4000 kwh/year 33% 0,25 /kwh 0,05..0,08 /kwh 0,25 /kwh Photovoltaic System 1/3 direct use, reduces energy bill 2/3 sales to Utility EEX value 0,05 to 0,08 /kwh Average value 11,6..13,6 ct/kwh Option: Add on for green electricity Utility Advantage Load profile of residual load is cheaper Average Saving 7,32 / household Saving = 15% of average profit Strengthening customer relationship Today s Real Value of Photovoltaic: 11,6..13,6 ct/kwh Business Models Case 1 Increase Direct Use Load Surplus Direct use Shift load to solar time Washing with solar is cheaper Shift solar energy to the time of load Store surplus energy into battery Use solar energy also for heat demand Connect PV to heat pump Source: bwp Bundesverband Wärmepumpe

9 Business Models Case 2 Load Shifting in the Industry 1995 Trautwein GmbH Thermoforming of bathtubs with photovoltaic power Leistung [kw] Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Monat Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai ohne PV-System mit PV-System Business Models Case 3 Decentralized Energy needs Local Markets Power 4 kwp 4000 kwh/year 4000 kwh/year 4000 kwh/year 33% 0,25 /kwh 33% 0,14 /kwh 0,25 /kwh 33% 0,05 /kwh 0,25 /kwh Sell to your neighbour

10 Business Models Case 3 Decentralized Energy needs Local Markets 4000 kwh/year Power 4 kwp 4000 kwh/year 4000 kwh/year 4000 kwh/year 0,25 /kwh 0,14 /kwh 33% 0,18 /kwh 0,25 /kwh 33% 0,18 /kwh 0,25 /kwh Photovoltaic Higher value of energy Avoided distribution loss Local Energy market Cost reduction 10 20% Long term price security Chance for new services Market development in Germany OTTI PV-Grundlagen 20

11 Montagearten von Solarstromanlagen Aufdachanlagen Dachintegrierte Anlagen Flachdachanlagen Fassadenanlagen Freilandanlagen Lärmschutzwände OTTI PV-Grundlagen 21 Wohnbau OTTI PV-Grundlagen 22

12 Industriedächer Brauerei Ganter, Freiburg, 70 kwp Gewerbepark Felsenau, Bern, 258kWp Pro Rheno AG, Basel, 184 kwp Biohaus Folienmodule OTTI PV-Grundlagen 23 Landwirtschaft Holzbau Wolf, Seligweiler, ca. 150 kwp Bobingen, Fahrsilo, 300 kwp OTTI PV-Grundlagen 24

13 Fassaden Lehrter Bahnhof, Berlin SAG, Freiburg Schapfenmühle, Ulm OTTI PV-Grundlagen 25 Freilandanlage Finasolar, Ulm Phoenix Solar AG, Ulm Powerlight/SunPower AG 1 achsige Nachführung Ost/West Drehung OTTI PV-Grundlagen 26

14 Freilandanlage (2-achsige Nachführung) Hersteller SOLON Standort Erlasee (Würzburg) Leistung kwp pro Mover Je 12 Module 14 MWp OTTI PV-Grundlagen 27 Solution: Germany (Ulm) Spain (south) 1. Max. solar radiation on earth: 1000 W/m² 1000 W/m² 2. Global solar radiation over one year on horizontal surface 1000 kwh/m² (Germany) 1750kWh/m² 3. Final Yield of a PV system (Full load hours): 1000 kwh/kwp (Germany) 1600 kwh/kwp 4. PV Module 200 Wp, Efficiency 14% - Amodule =? 1,4 m² 1,4 m² PV Module 200 Wp, Efficiency 20% - Amodule =? 1,0 m² 1,0 m² 5. Electric energy demand (individual value): 4000 kwh/year 4000 kwh/year 6. Number of PV modules Nominal Power 4 kwp 2,5 kwp 7. Roof area needed (14% module) 28 m² 18,2 m² Roof area needed (20% module) 20 m² 13,0 m² 8. Energy price Investment cost small system ,65 /W Total energy over 20 years kwh kwh Energy price (simple calculation) 8,25 cent/kwh 5,36 cent/kwh (add interest rate, maintenance, inverter exchange,insurance, ) 9. Load pattern / Solar pattern: Only one third of the solar energy can be directly used by the private household due to differences in load pattern and solar pattern. OTTI PV-Grundlagen 28