Passive Houses: technology, market, and policy worldwide

Transkript

1 Passive Houses: technology, market, and policy worldwide Berthold Kaufmann, Passive House Institute, Darmstadt, Germany Short Reference to PH Definition/Description Energy Efficiency is Ecomomically Reasonable Some Hints on Projects conclusion: do the best you can afford now

2 Where to get more information? Passivhaus Institut Dr. Wolfgang Feist The international network for Passive House knowledge Consulting (design and construction phase) Thermal bridge calculations Thermal simulation (if necessary) Quality assurance Research and Developement Information network for experts and user Databases about projects and 'players' Public relations (press, TV, internet) International Day of the Passive House "passipedia"

3 englisch International Congress Center Dresden 2010 May 28 th / 29 th with exhibition and guided tours to Passive Houses in the Dresden area.

4 the basic principles realize and analyse the challenge: all biologic life faces limited resources!

5 all biologic life faces limited resources! preserve the warmth... as nature shows

6 Passive House Qualities five basics thermal insulation: U 0,15 W/(m²K) U w 0,8 W/(m²K) mech. ventilation system with heat recovery η 75% outside air waste air avoid thermal bridge effects ψ a 0.01 W/(mK) air tight envelope: n 50 0,6 /h exhaust air supply air 3-pane glazings: U g 0,8 W/(m²K) g-value %

7 check the effect of design on energy balance thermal insulation: U 0,15 W/(m²K) U w 0,8 W/(m²K) mech. ventilation system with heat recovery η 75% outside air waste air avoid thermal bridge effects ψ a 0.01 W/(mK) air tight envelope: n 50 0,6 /h exhaust air supply air heating energy demand 15 kwh/(m²a) maximum heating load 10 W/m² 3-pane glazings: U g 0,8 W/(m²K) g-value % a passive house is by intention NOT a zero-heating-energy building

8 building stock small (post-air) heater is enough: 1 kw 'without heating system' air 21 C surface 9 C air 21 C surface > 17 C outside Temp: -12 C radiator to compensate cold temperatures heating load > 100 W/m² Vergleich Bestand-PH no extra radiator needed max. heat load only 10 W/m²

9 technology: what is new?

10 what is new? all is getting better:... better living building physics easier! very low energy demand passive house better thermal comfort fresh air all day long now draft risk cool summer standard building

11 optimized window frame this (minimum) quality is necessary for cold nordic climate Ψ o = 0,008 W/(mK) 17,0 C U g = 0,55 W/(m²K) U f = 0,69 W/(m²K) visible width: 100 mm Ψ g = 0,032 W/(mK) U w,pos = 0,73 W/(m²K) 12,2 C 17,8 C Ψ u = 0,027 W/(mK)

12 certificate of products: Approved Quality to supply appropriate information

13 We need better air quality even for old houses! permanent ventilation especially in old houses! The renovated old house with new windows will be much better air tight than before, but inhabitants are not used to cross ventilation. Old house renovation will have (few)more thermal bridges left We need mechanical ventilation for dehumidification! Recommendation: ventilation system only with heat recovery

14 Indoor air humidity with only window ventilation Relative humidity of indoor air and interior wall surface in bedroom External wall Indoor air Cross ventilation Consequence: Shock ventilation twice a day is not sufficient! E-C /09 Source: Münzenberg Anbus in [AkkP 24] Author: PHI / PHD

15 CO 2 -concentration with only ventilation by windows Friday Saturday 'Shock' ventilation Part 2 Afternoon nap of child EN ( ) ppm Absence Existing old building with window ventilation E-C /09 Source: [PHI Pfluger] Author: HK / PHI / PHD

16 Indoor air humidity with mechanical ventilation Relative Raumluftfeuchte [%] Relative indoor air humidity in Passive Houses (living room, measurements Kassel Marbachhöhe winter 2001/2002) E-C /09 Source: [PHI, Pfluger] Author: PHI / PHD

17 CO 2 -concentration with mechanical ventilation Tuesday Wednesday EN allowed CO 2 -concentration over fresh air concentration: IDA 4 > 1000 ppm IDA ppm IDA ppm Part 2 IDA4 IDA3 IDA2 Measurement values Passive House CO 2 - concentration in a Passive House (Bedroom, measurement Kassel Marbachshöhe winter 2001/2002)

18 technology: need for accurancy (energy balance) (you need to be sure that design meets reality!)

19 what's new with passive houses? PH is the first energy-efficiency conception fully elaborated and verified: complete energy balance transmission & ventilation heat losses internal & solar gains & losses carefully balanced higher ventilation heat losses if no heat recovery is present: +40 kwh/m²a additional heat losses via bad thermal bridges +15 kwh/m²a

20 monthly results of energy balance (old building) heating energy demand: 300 kwh/m²a spez. Verluste, Gewinne, Heizwärmebedarf [kwh/(m²monat)] Summe spezif. Angebot solar + intern spezif. Heizwärmebedarf Summe spezif. Verluste Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez Heating season: September to June

21 monthly results of energy balance (low energy house) heating energy demand: 100 kwh/m²a spez. Verluste, Gewinne, Heizwärmebedarf [kwh/(m²monat)] Summe spezif. Angebot solar + intern spezif. Heizwärmebedarf Summe spezif. Verluste Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez Heating season: September to May

22 monthly results of energy balance (PH) Heating season: November to March

23 technology & policy: procedure to get a resonable ph analyse climatic conditions carefully check the energy balance in detail setup a 'passive' building conception take care on costs so that anybody will be able to afford it

24 air-tightness n 50 < 0,6 AC/h is a precondition for efficient ventilation with heat recovery

25 air-tightness is essential! heat energy Heizwärmebedarf demand [kwh/m²a] maximum max. heat Heizleistung load [W/m²] influence of air tightness on heating energy Einfluß der Luftdichtheit auf den Heizwärmebedarf und die maximal erforderliche Heizleistung demand (Simulation and Reihenmittelhaus maximum Typ "Jangster" Hannover-Kronsberg) heating load Passivhaus-Grenze passive house limit [kwh/(m²a)] [kwh/m²a Heizwärmebedarf heat energy demand [kwh/m²a] [kwh/m²a] maximum heat load [W/m²] max. Heizleistung [W/m²] limit for passive houses n 50 -Wert [h -1 ] measured n 50 -value [1/h]

26 heat recovery unit has to be efficient counter-flow heat exchanger % cross-counter-flow % cross-flow %

27 requirements for mechanical ventilation sytem certification criteria available at comfortable supply air temperature (always > 16,5 C) efficient heat recovery η WRG > 75 % efficient electric fans: maximum 0,45 Wh/m³ low noise emission: max (!) 25 db(a) in living rooms German standard 35 db(a) is audible at night Simple control of air flow rate (70% 100% 130%) provide airtight and thermal insulated unit hygienic air supply by good air filters (class 'fine')

28 mechanical ventilation sytem is essential fresh air filter exhaust air ventilation with heat recovery extract air supply air T > 17 C comfortable supply air temp. low noise emission hygienic air (filters class 'fine')

29 technology: be aware of summertime...

30 passive houses in hot / humid climates good experience with passive cooling strategies minimum active cooling and dehumidification necessary thermal insulation window ventilation (during night if possible) activate thermal capacity reduce internal gains! limit solar gains by shading or double facade!

31 Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Simplification by Energy-Efficiency A detailed study by thermal simulation Jürgen Schnieders, PHI, Darmstadt

32 Dynamics with active cooling Seville (arid climate): Existing standard building very high cooling power needed

33 Dynamics with active cooling Seville (arid climate): Passive House only low cooling power necessary no electricity peak power problem

34 A.S.S.A. office building in Santa Croce, provincia di Pisa, Italy Architect: Silvia Mazzetti building physics: Günther Gantioler hot & humide climate (moderate) available standard PH components heating & cooling & dehumidification with small multi-split-device (AC)

35 A.S.S.A. the building conception: PH components: U opaque : W/(m²K) U window : 0.85 W/(m²K) Air-tight building envelope Ventilation with heat recovery Heating & cooling with multi-split-device A.S.S.A. experiences: almost no heating energy consumption cooling devices only needed for dehumidification total (not extra!) cost for PH window, thermal insulation, ventilation ~ 10% of construction costs

36 architectural example: lu-teco (2007) limited glazing area, shading in summer concrete ceilings thermally activated coupled to ground probes by heat pump (heating&cooling) contractor: architect: GAG Ludwigshafen Lutz Laier, Ludwigshafen

37 Zone: upper floor with shading, cooling by T i > 24 C cooling if T i > 24 C shading if T i > 22 C maximum average daily cooling load: 300 Wh/m²d

38 Zone: upper floor no shading at all cooling if T i > 26 C no shading at all maximum average daily cooling load: 780 Wh/m²d

39 Total Cost Analysis how much for a new rendering for my house? why thermal insulation?

40 total costs: insulation layer in wall

41 Costs of actions: report for german government Kopplung an Ohnehin-Maßnahme : Putzerneuerung Bauteil alt: Ohnehin- Maßnahme: wirtschaftlich gebotener Wärmeschutz zukunftsweisender Wärmeschutz Ohnehin fällige Maßnahme ohne Wärmedämmung Sanierungsmaßnahme mit Wärmedämmung nach Mindest- Empfehlung: Sanierungsmaßnahme mit Wärmedämmung nach Empfehlung: verputze Außenwand Putzerneuerung Wärmedämm-Verbundsystem Wärmedämm-Verbundsystem U-Wert des alten Bauteils U-Wert des alten Bauteils wirtschaftlich gebotener U-Wert zukunftsweisender U-Wert 1,41 W/(m²K) 1,41 W/(m²K) 0,17 W/(m²K) 0,13 W/(m²K) R-Wert d. zusätzl. Wärmedämmung: R-Wert d. zusätzl. Wärmedämmung: 5,16 m²k/w 7,29 m²k/w Alt: Mindest-Empfehlung: Zukunftsweisend: Oberflächentemp. innen bei -10 C Außenluft: 14.5 C 19.3 C 19.5 C Behaglichkeit Winter mittel hoch hoch Behaglichkeit Sommer mittel hoch hoch Tauwasserschutz Kante gering hoch hoch "Wirtschaftlichkeit von Maßnahmen zum Wärmeschutz" [GDI 2005] [BBR 2008] download at Bauliche Investitionskosten: 40 /m² 73 /m² 81 /m² Investitionskosten der bedingten Energiesparmaßnahme : 33 /m² 41 /m² = Kosten, die der Energieeinsparung zugerechnet werden müssen Restwert der Energiesparmaßnahme bei 50 Jahren Lebensdauer : 39% 39% Restwert der bedingten Energieeinsparmaßnahme nach dem Kalkulationszeitraum : 13 /m² 16 /m² Kosten d. Energiesparmaßnahme abzüglich des Restwerts : 20 /m² 25 /m² Annuitätische Kapitalkosten für die Energiesparmaßnahme : 1,40 /(m²a) 1,73 /(m²a) jährliche Heizkosteneinsparung (mit mittl. Energiepreis inkl. HE s.o.): 6,19 /(m²a) 6,41 /(m²a) jährlicher Gewinn: 4,79 /(m²a) 4,69 /(m²a)

42 need for best practice examples (start with small projects!)

43 architectural example: living at St. Jakob contractor: architekts: Foto: ABG Frankfurt Holding P. Grenz, F. Rasch, faktor10, Darmstadt Fotostudio Michels, Darmstadt.

44 architectural example: Sophienhof five buildings 160 dwellings architects and contractor: ABG Frankfurt Holding foto: Axel Stefan Fotodesign

45 next to be done... old house refurbishment

46 old house renovation Tevesstrasse Frankfurt before... Sanierungsprojekt Tevesstraße FF/M Bauherr: ABG Frankfurt Holding Architekten: faktor10, Darmstadt Heating energy demand (PHPP): 290 kwh/m²a Primary energy demand (EnEV): 250 kwh/m²a for heating, domestic hot water, technical electricity Wissenschaftliche Begleitung: Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt Gefördert aus Mitteln des Hessischen Ministeriums für Wirtschaft, Verkehr und Landesentwicklung, Wiesbaden

47 old house renovation Tevesstrasse...afterwards renovation using PH-components client: ABG Frankfurt Holding Architects : P. Grenz, F. Rasch, faktor10, Darmstadt

48 ...afterwards Sanierungsprojekt Tevesstraße FF/M Bauherr: ABG Frankfurt Holding Architekten: faktor10, Darmstadt Wissenschaftliche Begleitung: Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt Gefördert aus Mitteln des Hessischen Ministeriums für Wirtschaft, Verkehr und Landesentwicklung, Wiesbaden before well insulated

49 old house renovation Tevesstraße FF/M Architects: faktor10, Darmstadt client: ABG Frankfurt Holding Scientific monitoring & consultancy: Passivhaus Institut under contract of Hessia ministery of economics traffic and development, Wiesbaden

50 check the energy balance in detail (PHPP) specific energy flow kwh/m²a losses gains standard building losses gains passive building

51 renovation using PH-components WRG thermal insulation optimized thermal bridges air tight envelope WRG WRG WRG ventilation with heat recovery comfortable supply air temperature low noise emission hygienic air (use filters) Sanierungsprojekt Tevesstraße FF/M Bauherr: ABG Frankfurt Holding Architekten: faktor10, Darmstadt heating energy demand: primary energy demand: for heating, hot water and technical electricity 17 kwh/m²a 37 kwh/m²a Wissenschaftliche Begleitung: Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt Gefördert aus Mitteln des Hessischen Ministeriums für Wirtschaft, Verkehr und Landesentwicklung, Wiesbaden

52 Monitoring Tevesstrasse: balance heating distribution losses energy consumption for space heating [kwh/m²a] distribution losses (usable) Heating energy consumption (sum of meters in flats) Heat flow meter total heat production period of balance: May/1/2007 to April/30/2008 T i = 21,8 C total heat space heating separation to various effects download of detailed project documentation (german language) at

53 extra effort for building envelope (new&renovation) gives noticable extra benefit for the customer... provides locally added value (no fuel importation)... makes renewables & 'net zero' a realistic possibility WRG WRG WRG WRG... is not 'easy' to realize but simple enough to be reasonable Passive Houses building today for a sustainable future

54 contact to the author: where to get more information: Copyright by Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt. This collection of slides (electronic or printout) is only for personal use for persons attending the presentation. All other publication only by explicit allowance of PHI.