Strategies and possibilities to diagnose and control bee diseases in traditional and local beehives

Transkript

1 Strategies and possibilities to diagnose and control bee diseases in traditional and local beehives Wolfgang Ritter CVUA Freiburg/Animal Health Head of International OIE Reference Laboratory President of Apimondia Standing Commission for Bee Health Traditional bee hives in Africa Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 1

2 Advantage of traditional bee hives Well adapted and known technique Easy transport by man or animal Good protection against predators Optimal size of colonies (food supply) Traditional or available construction material No or less additional equipment necessary (Honey extractor etc.) No or low financial input necessary No credits, no debt, no risk Differences between traditional and new bee hives Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 2

3 American Foulbrood (AFB) Clinical symptoms Paenibacillus larvae (Eric Types) Type II Type I (E.Genersch 2005) Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 3

4 European Foulbrood (EFB) Clinical symptoms Melissococcus pluton Diagnosis of Bee diseases Disease Sample Location Mobile Immobile AFB EFB bees entrance + + Brood + - combs brood combs + - wax (combs) brood + - honey + + debris bottom + + food combs + + Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 4

5 Early Diagnosis of American Foulbrood Bulk Honey Food (Broodcombs) Wax Bees Debris Early Diagnosis of American/European Foulbrood Bulk Honey Food (Broodcombs) Wax Bees Debris Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 5

6 Microbiological Analysis Low number of spores Outbreak of AFB? High number of spores Outbreak of AFB! Early Diagnosis of American Foulbrood Bulk Honey Food (Broodcombs) Wax Bees Debris Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 6

7 American Foulbrood Wax from: old combs Former brood combs Early Diagnosis of American/European Foulbrood Bulk Honey Food (Broodcombs) Wax Bees Debris Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 7

8 Early Diagnosis of American Foulbrood Bulk Honey Food (Broodcombs) Wax Bees Debris Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 8

9 Diagnosis of debris Foto: Titera Diagnosis of Bee diseases Disease Sample Location Mobile Immobile AFB EFB bees entrance + + Brood + - combs brood combs + - wax (combs) brood + - honey + + debris bottom + + food combs + + Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 9

10 Control of AFB/EFB with Antibotics Kills the vegetative form only not the spores Provokes repeated relapses Repeated treatment with antibiotics necessary Leads to more residues and resistance Provokes resistance against pathogen Clinical symptoms masked High amount of spores in honey High re-infection Control of AFB/EFB Shaking method (artificial swarms) Disinfection of beehive and equipment Burning of combs Observe the colonies for clinical symptoms they may disappear Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 10

11 Varroosis Diagnosis of Bee diseases Disease Sample Location Mobile Immobile Varroa bees hive + + entrance combs + - brood combs + - debris bottom board + + Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 11

12 Varroosis (Varroa destructor) Treatment in colonies without brood Spraying Trickling (only bees in cluster) Dusting Varroosis (Varroa destructor) Treatment in colonies with brood Long lasting evaporation A.i. present for more than 3 weeks Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 12

13 Treatment of Bee diseases Disease Application Hive Mobile Immobile Varroa contact entrance + + inside + + spray combs + - evaporate inside + + dust inside + + Tropilaelaps Milbe Tropilaelaps_PUPPe.jpg Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 13

14 Diagnosis of Bee diseases Disease Sample Location Mobile Immobile Tropilaelaps spp. debris bottom board + + brood combs + - Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 14

15 Tropilaelaps mite (Tropilaelaps spp.) Difference to Varroa: Infest brood only not adults (mites die after three weeks without brood) Varroazids distributed on combs are effective: Evaporation, Dusting,.. Varroazids acting via body contact have no or low effect: Contact (Trickling ) Treatment of Bee diseases Disease Application Hive Mobile Immobile Tropilaelaps spray combs + - spp. evaporate inside + + dust inside + + Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 15

16 Acarapiosis Acarapis woodi Tracheal mite Dissection of bees Unable to fly Crawling bees Diagnosis of Bee diseases Disease Sample Location Mobile Immobile bees Acarapisosis Hiveentrance + + combs + - Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 16

17 Acarapisosis (Acarapis woodi) Difference to Varroa: Infest only trachea of adults not brood Varroazids evaporating are effective: Evaporation.. Varroazids acting via body contact have no or low effect: Contact (Trickling ) Treatment of Bee diseases Disease Application Hive Mobile Immobile Acarapisosis spray combs + - evaporate inside + + Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 17

18 Foto Rau Diagnosis of Bee diseases Disease Sample Location Mobile Immobile SHB debris bottom board + + traps bottom + + board brood combs + - Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 18

19 Foto: Michael Duncan Treatment of Bee diseases Disease Application Hive Mobile Immobile SHB contact/ entrance + + inside + + trap inside + + Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 19

20 SHB Treatment A.I. via contact SHB Treatment Traps Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 20

21 Nosemosis Diarrhoea Crawling bees Nosemosis Nosema apis Nosema ceranae Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 21

22 Diagnosis of Bee diseases Disease Sample Location Mobile Immobile Nosema bees hive + + entrance combs + - bottom board + + Treatment of Nosemosis No medical treatment of colonies No healing of adult bees Good Bee keeping practice: replacement of old bees by young ones Renewal of combs Disinfection of stored combs: e.g. by 60% acetic acid Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 22

23 Verkrautung des Weisweiler Mühlbaches 23