Working Time Developments and the Future of the Standard Relationship

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1 Working Time Developments and the Future of the Standard Relationship Does it Make Sense to Work Longer? Seminar European Institute of Public Administration Dr. Thomas Haipeter / Institut Arbeit und 1

2 Structure 1. Developments of working time regulation in Germany 2. Trends of actual working times 3. Comparative aspects 4. Extension of working times 5. Perspectives of the standard employment relationship 2

3 Developments of working time regulation Working time regulation in the era of fordism: Leading role of trade unions Strong working time norms (duration/position/distribution) Deviations (overtime) possible, but highly regulated (codet.) and expensive 3

4 Developments of working time regulation New developments in the 80s: two basic trends De-centralisation of working time regulation (Verbetrieblichung) Flexibilisation of working time regulation (breathing factory) Starting point: working time reductions in collective bargaining agreements (compensation periods and delegation of responsibility) 4

5 Developments of working time regulation New developments since the 1990s: Differentiation of decentralisation Verbetrieblichung: local definition of general norms Opening: local shortfalls of general norms Coordinated opening (central coord.) Uncoordinated opening (without duty of agreement) Wild opening (deviation) 5

6 Developments of working time regulation Use of opening clauses (2002; WSI) Betriebsräte Personalräte Ja Nein 6

7 Developments of working time regulation in % Application areas of opening clauses (2002; WSI) Variable Arbeitszeiten Arbeitszeitverlängerung Befristete Arbeitszeitverkürzung 0 Betriebsräte Personalräte 7

8 Developments of working time regulation Flächentarifvertragsbindung der Beschäftigten in % Collective bargaining coverage in the German Economy (Ellguth/Kohaut 2004 IAB-Betriebspanel 2003) Jahr Westdeutschland Ostdeutschland 8

9 Developments of working time regulation Organisationsgrade in % Organisational density of employers associations in the metalworking industry (own calculations) Jahr Organisationsgrad Beschäftigte West Orgabisationsgrad Unternehmen West Organisationsgrad Beschäftigte Ost Organisationsgrad Unternehmen Ost 9

10 Jahr Developments of working time regulation Average working times according to collective bargaining agreements Westdeutschlan d Ostdeutschland 75 40, , , , ,1 40, ,8 40, ,5 39, ,4 39, ,4 39, ,4 39, ,4 39, ,4 39,1 10

11 Developments of working time regulation Average contractual working times according to size of enterprises (2002) Zahl der Beschäftigten und mehr Gesamt Industrie 39,1 38,2 37,1 38,9 38,9 38,6 38,9 Priv. Dienstleistungen 38,9 11

12 Trends of actual working times Durchschnittliche Arbeitszeit Average actual and c.b. working times of full time employees (European labour force survey) 42,00 41,00 40,00 39,00 38,00 37, Jahr

13 Trends of actual working times Westdeutschland Average actual working times of different categories of full time employees Alle ArbeitnehmerInnen (Vollzeit) Männer Frauen Difference Men/Women Arbeiter Angestellte Difference Blue/White Collar Hochqualifizierte Difference High/Average Qualification ,1 41,2 40,7 0,5 40,6 41,4 0,8 42,8 1, ,8 40,1 39,3 0,8 39,4 40,2 0,8 41,4 1, ,5 39,8 39,0 0,8 39,0 39,9 0,9 41,2 1, ,1 40,4 39,3 1,1 39,3 40,5 1,2 41,8 1, ,2 40,6 39,3 1,3 39,5 40,6 1,1 42,0 1, ,0 40,4 39,1 1,3 39,1 40,4 1,3 41,9 1,9 13

14 Trends of actual working times Anteil (in Prozent) Distribution of working according to qualification, 2002 niedrig/mittel hoch Wochenarbeitszeit in Stunden 14

15 Trends of actual working times Anteil in % Distribution of working according to gender, 2002 Männer Frauen Wochenarbeitszeit in Stunden 15

16 Trends of actual working times Volume of overtime work and forms of compensation (ISO 2004, in Stunden) Volume of overtime work per week paid unpaid time compensation ,0 1,0 0,4 0, ,8 0,9 0,8 1, ,7 0,7 0,9 1,1 16

17 Trends of actual working times Jahre Spread of working time accounts related to employees (ISO 2004, in hours) Verbreitung nach Beschäftigten in% Arbeitszeitkonto 17

18 Comparative aspects Arbeitszeit (in Stunden) Average actual working times of year old employees in the European Union, Switzerland and Norway (ELFS) 30,2 34,6 34,8 34,9 35,2 35,3 35,7 35,9 NL CH NO DK FR D B IR S AUT FIN IT LUX GB ESP P GR 36,2 Land 36,6 36,9 37,2 37,4 37,4 38,6 39,3 40,3 18

19 Comparative aspects Land UK EL IR ESP B POR S AUT D FIN DK NOR NL IT FR Average actual yearly working times of full time employees (ELFS) Institut Arbeit und Technik 19

20 Comparative aspects Actual weekly working times of full time employees 39,3 39,1 39, ,4 37,7 39,5 38,5 38,9 40,1 40,3 B DK D EL E F IRL I NL A P FIN S UK 39,2 39,9 43,3 Quelle: Europäische Arbeitskräftestichprobe Steffen Lehndorff / Institut Arbeit und Technik - Forschungsschwerpunkt Arbeitszeit und Arbeitsorganisation 20

21 Comparative aspects Operating hours per week Operating hours in the producing and services industries (in hours per week, indirect measurement) ,5 57,23 63,44 55,16 Producing industries Services industries 51,06 51,52 51,47 51,47 51,58 50,06 59,4 58,57 France Germany Netherlands Portugal Spain Great Britain Source: IAT EUCOWE-Project 21

22 Comparative aspects Skill gap in volume of weekly work Weekly working hours GB Weekly working hours per person between 25 and 44 years by skill level and country, 2002 D B F DK Qualification level Lo w IRL NL Middle High A I CH Country Source: European Labour Technik Force 2005 Survey, IAT Calculations E NOR L S FIN EL P 22

23 Weekly working hours Comparative aspects country Source: Labour Force Technik Survey , IAT calculations Gender gap in volume of paid weekly work Weekly working hours per person aged between 25 and 44 years by gender and country, 2002 I NL E D CH L Men IRL EL GB Women B F A NOR DK FIN S P 23

24 Arbeitsproduktivität je geleisteter Arbeitsstunde in der EU (2001; Kaufkraftparitäten; EU 15 = 100) Working time extension? Working time and productivity F I DK FI N NL B IR L S P D E A Std./Woche Durchschn. tatsächliche Arbeitszeiten von Vollzeit-ArbeitnehmerInnen in der EU (2002) EL Korrelation: -0,59 UK Quelle: Eurostat; Europäische Arbeitskräftestichprobe Steffen Lehndorff / Institut Arbeit und Technik - Forschungsschwerpunkt Arbeitszeit und Arbeitsorganisation 24

25 Länder Working time extension? Nominal unit labour costs (Einkommen aus unselbständiger Arbeit / Reales Bruttoinlandsprodukt je Beschäftigtem, Hirschel 2004) Japan Finnland Kanada Österreich Frankreich Deutschland USA Dänemark Schweden EWU Italien Großbritannien Niederlande Norwegen Spanien Portugal Griechenland Nominale Lohnstückkosten =

26 Working time extension? Development of foreign trade, Statistisches Bundesamt) 26

27 Perspectives of the standard employment relationship Actual and preferred weekly working times in Germany, 1999 tatsächlich gewünscht 60,8 59,6 42,1 37,5 36,8 33,7 32,2 30,1 Insgesamt Männer Frauen Haushalte Quelle: Bielenski, H. / Bosch, G. / Wagner, A., 2002: Wie die Europäer arbeiten wollen. Erwerbs- und Dr. Arbeitszeitwünsche Thomas Haipeter / in Institut 16 Ländern. Arbeit Frankfurt/New und York: Campus 27

28 Perspectives of the standard employment relationship Actual and preferred employment models in households with children under 6 years in Germany (in %) actual prefere nce M full time W without employment 52,3 5,7 M full time W part time 23,1 42,9 M full time F full time 15,7 32,0 Quelle: Employment Options of the Future Survey Steffen Lehndorff / Forschungsschwerpunkt Arbeitszeit und Arbeitsorganisation 28

29 Entgeltpunkte je Lebensjahr 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 Perspectives of the standard employment relationship Durchschn. Geburtssjahr des 1. Kindes 2. Kindes 3. Kindes Income development of West German women related to number of children Lebensjahr kein Kind 1 Kind 2 Kinder 3 Kinder u. mehr 29

30 Perspectives of the standard employment relationship Beschäftigungsquote (in %) Employment rates in the European Union, Switzerland and Norway, Quelle: Europäische Arbeitskräftestichprobe ,4 56,9 58,4 59,6 62,9 63,6 64,9 65,4 IT GR ESP B FR LUX IR D AUT P FIN GB S NL DK NO Land 68,2 68,6 69,1 71,5 74,0 74,5 76,4 77,3 30

31 Conclusions 1. Flexibilisation, de-centralisation and weakening of working time norms in Germany hours-week hidden norm of actual working times 3. Working time differences according to gender and qualification 4. Actual working times in Germany are in the midfield compared to other advanced economies 5. Negative correlation between working times and productivity 6. Strong position concerning foreign trade - problem of domestic demand 7. Real problem of working time regulation seems to be a new standard employment relationship: shorter working times and free choices between full and part time overcoming of the male breadwinner model 31

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