REPIC Wissensgemeinschaft Minigrid

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1 REPIC Wissensgemeinschaft Minigrid Martin Bölli Skat Consulting Ltd, St. Gallen Minigrids / Inselversorgungen: Einführung, Übersicht an Beispielen der Kleinwasserkraft Geeignete Technologien und Kombinationen Welche Kombinationen für welche Länder? 1

2 Über die Skat Gegründet 1978 als «Schweizerische Koordinationsstelle für Angepasste Technologie» Fokusthemen: Water & Sanitation, Architecture and construction, Transport Infrastructure, Energy & Climate 1998: Umwandlung in eine Aktiengesellschaft, «Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology and Management». 2001: Gründung der Skat Foundation Heute: 27 Mitarbeiter 2

3 Vergleich Netzeinspeisung Inselsystem (Minigrid) 3 Grid connected Maximum utilisation of the available potential Low generation costs Tariff agreed with utility Plant factor limited by the availability of the natural ressources / fuel (MHP: typically 50 60%) Isolated system ( Minigrid ) Low utilisation of the available potential, limited power capacity Higher generation costs Tariff depends on the acceptance of the end users Plant factor limited by the demand (typically 15 30%) Higher with batteries Can rarely be implemented on a commercial basis often grant financed Can become a cash cow for the community if later on connected to national grid (feed-in)

4 Isolated systems (off grid / Minigrid) Small remote villages, far from national grid High costs for grid extension Low consumer density Low electricity consumption grid connection: hardly cost-effective REPIC Wissengemeinschaft «Minigrid» But: Often high opportunity costs for other energy sources like candles, kerosene, diesel, etc. Isolated systems may produce energy at lower costs and allow for additional income possibilities Energy for productive use (agro processing: milling, threshing, hulling etc.), water pumping, etc. Fridges for food conservation and safekeeping of pharmaceuticals 4

5 Demand Forecast domestic consumption Light, TV, Radio, fridge consumption of social infrastructure (public and service consumption): schools, health centers, mosques / churches, street lighting, administration etc. productive use milling and other agricultural processing, kiosks, welding and carpentry workshops, etc.) 5

6 Total demand daily load curve Typical load curve over the day load[kw] Productive use Social Infrastructure Domestic use Time [h] 6

7 Projection of demand growth 200, Energy Demand [kwh] 180, , , , ,000 80,000 60,000 Demand growth productive use Demand growth social infrastructure Demand growth domestic use Peak Demand [kw] , , Year of MHP Operation Year of MHP Operation 7

8 Summary on the forecast year 1 year 20 number of hh's monthly hh consumption [kwh/month] total monthly demand of all hh [kwh/month] 6,253 11,005 monthly consumption of social infrastructure [kwh/month] revenues cash flow monthly productive consumption [kwh/month] 1,989 3,256 total peak load [kw] system design 8

9 Load and demand side management Reduce peaks and / or demand by: Sensitising consumers / awareness raising (energy saving bulbs, promotion of productive end use etc.) Creating special tariff system, e.g. combined with installation of current limiters Load shedding More continuous demand: Promotion of productive use during morning / afternoon For example water pumping / irrigation at night Installation of storage systems (batteries, reservoirs) load [kw] Typical load curve over the day Time [h] Productive use Social Infrastructure Domestic use 9

10 Eignung verschiedener Technologien für Mini-Grids: Kleinwasserkraft 10 Verfügbarkeit Wasserkraftpotenzial, ganzjährig? Distanz Kraftwerk Konsumenten? Komplexe Planung, einfache Komponenten: Wartung und Betrieb durch lokales, geschultes Personal möglich Geringe Betriebskosten hohe Investition Konflikte Wassernutzung (Landwirtschaft, Ökologie, Gesellschaft, )? Umrüstung auf Netzeinspeisung einfach möglich und sinnvoll Anwendung in Ländern mit regelmässigen Niederschlägen und geeignetem (hügeligen) Gelände Beispiele: Kamerun, Äthiopien, Kolumbien, Peru, Indonesien, Vietnam, Nepal,

11 Sinnvolle Kombinationen Sinnvoll: Komplementäre Kombinationen Bspw. Kleinwasserkraft + Diesel: geringe Investitionskosten für das Dieselaggregat Diesel nur für höhere Maximalleistung (Peak demand) und zur Überbrückung von Trockenzeiten 11

12 Besten Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit! Martin Bölli / Skat Consulting Ltd. Vadianstrasse 42, 9000 St. Gallen / Switzerland martin.boelli@skat.ch 12