Wind Tunnel Investigation of Turbulent Flow in Urban Configurations A Time-Resolved PIV Analysis

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Wind Tunnel Investigation of Turbulent Flow in Urban Configurations A Time-Resolved PIV Analysis Author(s): Paterna, Enrico Publication Date: 2015 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 DISS. ETH NO WIND TUNNEL INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT FLOW IN URBAN CONFIGURATIONS: A TIME-RESOLVED PIV ANALYSIS A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by ENRICO PATERNA M.Sc. in Environmental Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona (Italy) born on citizen of Italy accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Jan Carmeliet, examiner Prof. Dr. Peter Moonen, co-examiner Prof. Dr. Bert Blocken, co-examiner Prof. Dr. Konstantinos Boulouchos, co-examiner Dr. Steve Cochard, co-examiner

3 Abstract Air-building interaction is the determining factor for many applications ranging from wind and thermal comfort, over wind loading on buildings, up to pollutant dispersion. The current work investigates the most relevant flow features, induced by air-building interaction, such as shear layers and wake regions. In particular, coherent flow structures (CFS) are sought, as they are expected to play a crucial role in momentum and scalar transport processes in turbulent flows, and thus the applications mentioned earlier. To meet the objective of the thesis simplified models of urban configurations at different levels of complexity are devised and investigated by means of stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry measurements in a boundary layer wind tunnel. For each configuration the mean and turbulence fields are presented, with special emphasis on shear stresses and their associated quadrant events. The shape and position of the most relevant CFS are discussed, as well as their distribution in the time- and frequency domain at both high spatial- and high temporal resolution. From the analysis of the measurements for the first time the presence, structure and organization of hairpin vortices is confirmed and discussed around simplified urban configurations immersed in a turbulent boundary layer. These hairpin vortices are noted to be organized in groups and induced by the leading shear layers. v

4 The same phenomenon was also regarded at the larger scale of a roughness transition and the observations could be linked to the flow features around the simplified urban configurations. vi

5 Zusammenfassung Die Interaktion zwischen Luft und Gebäude ist der entscheidende Faktor für viele Anwendungen wie dem durch Wind und hervorgehobenen Komfortbefinden von Personen, über die Belastung von Gebäuden durch den Wind, bis zur Schadstoffausbreitung. Diese Dissertation untersucht die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die aus der Interaktion zwischen Luft und Gebäude induziert werden (d.h. Scherschichten und Heckwellen). Insbesondere werden die kohärenten Strömungsstrukturen (CFS) untergesucht, da angenommen wird, dass diese eine entscheidende Rolle in der Impulsgleichung und in skalaren Gesamtaustauschprozessen turbulenter Strömungen spielen, und somit in den oben genannten Anwendungen. Um das Ziel der Dissertation zu erfüllen, werden simplifiziertere Modelle von vier urbanen Konfigurationen mit unterschiedlichen Komplexitätsniveaus mittels stereoskopischer Particle Image Velocimetry-Messungen in einem Grenzschicht- Windkanal untersucht. Für jede Konfiguration werden die Geschwindigkeits und Turbulenzfelder vorgestellt, mit besonderem Fokus auf die Schubspannungen und die damit verbundenen Quadranten Ereignisse (d.h. ejections und sweeps). Die Form und die Position der relevantesten CFS werden anschließend diskutiert, sowie deren Verteilung im Zeit- und Frequenzbereich bei hoher räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung analysiert. vii

6 Durch die Analyse der Messungen werden zum ersten Mal die Anwesenheit, die Struktur und die Organisation der Haarnadelwirbel (hairpin vortices) bestätigt und anhand von dazu vereinfachten urbanen Konfigurationen, die in die turbulente Grenzschicht eingetaucht sind diskutiert. Diese Haarnadelwirbel sind in Gruppen organisiert und werden von den anfänglichen Scherschichten erzeugt. Das gleiche Phänomen wurde auch in einem größeren Maßstab bei einem Rauigkeitsübergang untersucht. Die Beobachtungen konnten mit den Strömungsmerkmale um die vereinfachte urbanen Konfigurationen in Verbindung gebracht werden. viii

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