Biogas technologies in Germany - Feedstocks and Technology -
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- Frieda Kaufer
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1 2 nd BFCNET Workshop Biogas technologies in Germany - Feedstocks and Technology - P. Weiland Institut für Technologie und Biosystemtechnik Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft (FAL) WN
2 Content Substrates Fermentation technologies Wet fermentation Dry Fermentation Biogas utilisation Gas engines Micro gas turbines Fuel cells Outlook
3 Number of biogas plants in Germany Number of plants * 1.600, * * estimated
4 Substrates in modern biogas plants silage maize grass silage fatty residues corn clean residues feed residues lawn cut old bread relative frequency [%]
5 Average substrate composition : 6,0 t substrate per m³ and year maize silage cereal wastes manure grass silage fatty wastes
6 Number of applied co-substrates 30 relative frequency [%] > 6 number of co-substrates
7 Specific energy yield from substrates relative frequency [%] < > 475 specific production of electricity [kwh/t substrate]
8 Process types in agriculture Biogas-Processes Wet-Fermentation Dry-Fermentation discontinuous continuous discontinuous continuous Batch- Process Flow- Process Percolation- Process Flow- Process Storage- Process Flow- Storage-Process
9 Used fermenter systems in agriculture relative frequency [%] vertical horizontal combination reactor system
10 Digester with double membrane roof Gasfoil Membrane roof Biogas Blower Output Wall heating Mixer max m³ Input Floor heating
11 Upright large-scale digester Output Central mixer External heat exchanger max: 5000 m³ Input
12 Common process temperature relative frequency [%] mesophilic thermophilic combination reactor temperature [ C]
13 Number of process stages 70 relative frequency [%] number of stages
14 Direct-feeding systems for solids Feed screw Feed piston Flushing system
15 Dry-fermentation Container process with percolation Bag process without percolation
16 Features of biogas engines Feature Petrol engine Gas-Otto Diesel engine Ingnition jet Diesel engine Gas-Otto Efficiency [%] Lifespan low medium high Maintenance demand high high low Investment costs low medium high Power class [kw] > 200
17 Electrical power of German biogas plants 30 relative frequency [%] < > 500 electrical power [kw el ]
18 Micro gas turbines (Capstone) Generator cooling fin Exhaust outlet Recuperator Combustion chamber Generator Compressor Air bearing Turbine Recuperator housing
19 Fuel cell tests with biogas in Germany GEW Köln AG, Köln PAFC (ONSI Corporation, USA), 200 kw Sewage sludge digester gas Farmatic/FAL, Nortorf/Braunschweig PEMFC (PSFU, D), W FAL-Biogas plant for manure treatment Schmack Biogas AG, Schwandorf MCFC (MTU CFC Solutions, D), 300 W Biogas plant Haimhausen
20 Outlook The total biogas potential in Germany is about 24 Bill. m 3 /a, but only 5 % of the available organic substrates are used today for biogas production. More than 94 % of all biogas plants are operated with cofermentation, using cow and pig manure as basic substrate. Energy crops are used in more than 50 % of all modern biogas plants for cofermentation together with other organic wastes. Nearly all agricultural biogas plants are operated with wetfermentation and only few pilot and demonstration plants are running with dry-fermentation Today biogas is used only in conventional combined heat and power plants (CHP), but in future upgraded biogas is used also as vehicle fuel and in fuel cells. For the complete utilization of the available organic substrates between 30,000 and 40,000 biogas plants are necessary in Germany.
21 Actual amendment of EEG ( ) Electric.capacity Compensation paid for electricity [ -Cent/kWh] Farm substrates Non-farm organic wastes < 150 KW < 500 kw < 5 MW > 5 MW 14,0 12,4 8,9 8,4 11,5 9,9 8,9 8,4 The compensation is paid for maximum 15 years. The compensation is increased by 1 Cent/kWh if fuel cells, micro gas turbines or stirling engines are used for electricity production. Beginning from January 2005 the compensation is reduced by 2 % per year.
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