The glycemic index and physical activity & protein during hypoenergetic weight loss in athletes
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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis The glycemic index and physical activity & protein during hypoenergetic weight loss in athletes Author(s): Mettler, Samuel Publication Date: 2008 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library
2 DISS. ETH NO THE GLYCEMIC INDEX AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & PROTEIN DURING HYPOENERGETIC WEIGHT LOSS IN ATHLETES Samuel Mettler
3 DISS. ETH NO The Glycemic Index and Physical Activity & Protein During Hypoenergetic Weight Loss in Athletes A dissertation submitted to the ETH Zurich For the degree of Doctor of Sciences Presented by SAMUEL METTLER Dipl. Natw. ETH Zurich Born Citizen of Küsnacht (ZH), Switzerland Accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Caspar Wenk, examiner Dr. Paolo Colombani, co-examiner Dipl. Ing. ETH Christof Mannhart, co-examiner 2008
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5 Abstract Background The glycemic index (GI) describes the blood glucose rising potential of a food. Since it was not clear whether the GI may be influenced by the training state of the subjects, we conducted a study with men and subsequently one with women to investigate this question. The aim of the third study was to examine the influence of dietary protein on lean body mass loss and performance during hypoenergetic weight loss 1 in athletes. Methods In the first study healthy, young, adult males of normal body mass index and normal glucose tolerance were tested twice with a 50 g reference glucose solution and twice with a breakfast cereal containing 50 g of available carbohydrates in a randomized order. Ten subjects were sedentary (SE), 12 were moderately trained (MT) and 12 were endurance trained (ET). In the second study 17 sedentary (SE) and 19 endurance trained (ET) healthy, young, adult women of normal body mass index performed the same tests like the male subjects in the first study. Capillary and venous blood glucose as well as plasma insulin were measured in both studies. In the third study, 20 healthy young resistance trained athletes were examined for energy expenditure for one week and fed a mixed diet (15% protein, 100% energy) in the second week, followed by a hypoenergetic diet (60% of the habitual energy intake), containing either 15% (~1.0 g/kg) protein (control group, n=10) or 35% (~2.3 g/kg) protein (high protein group, n=10) for two weeks. Total, lean body and fat mass, performance (squat jump, maximal isometric leg extension, one repetition maximum bench press, muscle endurance bench press and 30 s wingate test) and fasting blood samples (glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, urea, cortisol, free testosterone, free IGF-1 and growth hormone) were examined at the end of each of the four weeks. 1 The author is aware of the fact that the term weight loss is not scientifically correct. But because weight loss is a common and basically unambiguous term for reducing body mass, it will be used as a synonymous. On the other hand, when referring to a particular mass (e.g. body mass or fat mass), the term mass will be used. 1
6 Results In the study with men the GI differed significantly between SE and ET subjects when calculated from the capillary blood glucose (p=0.02), but not when calculated form the venous blood glucose (p=0.73). The MT showed an intermediary GI. The GI did not differ between SE and ET in the women study, irrespective of its calculation from the capillary (p=0.21) or the venous blood glucose (p=0.72). The insulinemic index did not differ between the SE and ET subjects in either study (p=0.65 and p=0.75, respectively). In the third study, total body mass (-3.0 ± 0.4 kg and -1.5 ± 0.3 kg for the control and high protein group, respectively, p=0.036) and lean body mass loss (-1.6 ± 0.3 kg and -0.3 ± 0.3 kg, p=0.006) were significantly larger in the control group compared to the high protein group. Fat loss, performance and most blood parameters were not influenced by the diet. Urea was higher in the high protein group and fatty acids and urea showed a group*time interaction. Conclusion The first and second study revealed conflicting results. It is not clear so far whether there was a type I or type II error in one of the studies or whether there might indeed be a gender difference with respect to the influence of the training state on the GI. Further studies with more subjects need to address this question. The results of the third study indicate that ~2.3 g protein/kg body mass or ~35% protein was significantly superior to ~1.0 g protein/kg body mass or ~15% energy protein for maintenance of lean body mass in healthy young athletes during the hypoenergetic weight loss. 2
7 Zusammenfassung Einleitung Der Glykämische Index (GI) beschreibt das Blutzucker erhöhende Potential von Lebensmitteln. Bisher wurde nie untersucht, ob der GI vom Trainingszustand der Testpersonen abhängig sein könnte. Dies wurde deshalb in einer Studie mit Männern und anschliessend auch mit Frauen untersucht. In der dritten Studie ging es darum, den Einfluss von Nahrungsprotein auf den Verlust von Fett freier Körpermasse während einer hypoenergetischen Diät bei Sportlern zu untersuchen. Methodik In der ersten Studie wurden gesunde, junge, erwachsene Männer mit normalem Body Mass Index (BMI) und normaler Glukosetoleranz je zweimal mit der Referenznahrung, 50 g Glukose, und mit Frühstücksflocken, die ebenfalls 50 g Kohlenhydrate enthielten, in randomisierter Reihenfolge getestet. Zehn Probanden betrieben keinen Sport (SE), 12 waren moderat sportlich aktiv (MT) und 12 waren ausdauertrainiert (ET). In der zweiten Studie absolvierten junge, gesunde, erwachsene Frauen mit normalem BMI die genau gleichen Tests wie die Männer in der ersten Studie. Von den 36 Probandinnen waren 17 SE und 19 ET. In beiden Studien wurden die kapillare und venöse Blutglukose sowie das Insulin gemessen. In der dritten Studie wurden 20 gesunde, junge, Krafttraining gewohnte Sportler eine Woche lang auf ihren Energieumsatz untersucht und anschliessend eine Woche lang mit einer Mischkost versorgt (100% Energie, 15% Protein). In der dritten und vierten Woche folgte eine hypoenergetische Diät (60% der normalen Energiemenge) die entweder 15% (ca. 1.0 g/kg) Protein (Kontrollgruppe, n=10) oder 35% (ca. 2.3 g/kg) Protein (Proteingruppe, n=10) enthielt. Die totale Körpermasse, die Fett freie Masse, sowie die Fettmasse, die Leistungsfähigkeit (Squat Jump, maximale isometrische Knieextension, 1-Repetitions- Maximum Bankdrücken, Kraftausdauer im Bankdrücken und 30 s Wingate Test) und Nüchternblutproben (Blutglukose, Fettsäuren, Glycerol, Harnstoff, Cortisol, freies Testosteron, freies IGF-1 und Wachstumshormon) wurden am Ende jeder Woche untersucht. 3
8 Resultate In der ersten Studie mit Männern unterschied sich der GI signifikant zwischen SE und ET Probanden, wenn der GI aus dem kapillären Blutzucker berechnet wurde (p=0.02), nicht aber, wenn er aus dem venösen Blutzucker berechnet wurde (p=0.73). In der Frauenstudie unterschied sich der GI nicht zwischen SE und ET, unabhängig davon, ob er aus der kapillaren (p=0.21) oder der venösen Blutglukose (p=0.72) berechnet wurde. Der Insulinindex unterschied sich in keiner der beiden Studien zwischen SE und ET (p=0.65 bzw. p=0.75). In der dritten Studie war der Verlust an totaler Körpermasse (-3.0 ± 0.4 kg und -1.5 ± 0.3 kg für die Kontroll- bzw. die Proteingruppe, p=0.036) und Fett freier Masse (-1.6 ± 0.3 kg bzw ± 0.3 kg, p=0.006) in der Kontrollguppe signifikant grösser als in der Proteingruppe. Der Verlust an Fettmasse, die Leistungsfähigkeit und die meisten Blutwerte unterschieden sich nicht zwischen den beiden Gruppen. Der Harnstoff war in der Proteingruppe signifikant erhöht und die Fettsäuren und der Harnstoff zeigten einen Zeit*Gruppe Effekt. Schlussfolgerung Die erste und die zweite Studie brachten widersprüchliche Resultate hervor. Bis anhin ist nicht klar, ob in einer der beiden Studie ein Typ I oder ein Typ II Fehler vorliegt, oder ob tatsächlich ein Unterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern bezüglich des Einflusses des Trainingszustandes auf den GI besteht. Weitere Studien, insbesondere mit mehr Probanden, sind nötig, um diese offene Frage zu klären. Aus der dritten Studie kann gefolgert werden, dass ca. 2.3 g Protein pro Kilogramm Körpermasse oder ~35% Protein signifikant besser waren als ca. 1.0 g Protein pro Kilogramm Körpermasse oder ~15% Protein, um die Fett freie Körpermasse in gesunden, jungen Sportlern während der hypoenergetischen Diät zu erhalten. 4
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