!!!!!!!!!! Using!Water!Emission!Factors! and!the!

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1 UsingWaterEmissionFactors andthe NationalEnvironmental/PolicyContexts 1.OriginsofNAMAWaterComponentsandRolesinMRV 2.Mitigation/AdaptationRelationforPublicWater 3.TypologyofWaterToolApplicationImpacts 4.UBAClimateChange13/2012,ChancenundBarrierenfür TechnikanbieterbeiCDMundJI 1

2 1.OriginsofNAMAWaterComponentsandRolesofWaterinMRV EachNAMAisuniquelyembeddedinnationalpolicyinacountry.Amongtheadvanced NAMAcurrentlyinplanningfourinvolvewaterandtheroleofawateremissionfactorin MRV is also unique for each one. The upper two NAMA are integral, the lower two adjacenttoclimatepolicy: Mexico startedfromanoperationalpoawitha newmethodology,thefirsthousingsector oriented,amsgiii.ae,withover1mio. greenmortgagessince2009 =nat.housingregulatorusesmitigationto steerthehousingmortgagesector +publicfundsforzonesofmexicocity, aroundtransport,healthandeducation services,densificationofzones,counters urbansprawl +UrbanNAMAtoaddtothisPoApublic lighting,waterandwasteserviceswith emissionintensitytargets(water0.23 tcoe/yr),tobeachievedbymexican privatelyfundeduscoswithsuiteof renewablesandefficiencytechnologies =redefinesurbandevelopmentpolicyby integratingallenergyfactorsaround housingwithapoolofmultilateraland nationalfunds Thailand startedwithassessmentofwasteand wastewatersector,inventoryofcurrent activities,realisticimprovementsandghg emissionreductionpotential 11 th NESDP sobjectiveonresiliencevia watermanagementforfloodprevention, alleviateshortages,expandirrigation =implementationfocusonthelevelof urbanwatersystems =NAMAcompriseswastewateroptionfor citiestoinvestinwastewatertreatment, independentofdomesticvercrediting bythaighgmgmtorganisation =NAMAfundscancomplementthenew NationalEconomic&SocialPlan, however,theoversightandgovernanceis uncertain. Jordan startedwithalonglistof51nama candidatescollectedbymultidonorppiaf, aworkshopthenselectedafinalshortlist of5,andasthefirstpriority: ZarqaInd.WastewaterTreatmentPlant (ZIWWT),replacestheAlGSamraCDM project +regulationforaidsectortransformation =buildsprivateandpublicsector capacitiestoreusewater,maximise biogasandsludge,andderivefromthis casefit,ppplaws =betterintegratedifferentpublicservices andmeetpublicsectorshortfallswith newsourcesofinvestment =innovatemitigationandadaptationin waystoextenddevelopmentaidthathas struggledwithwaterscarcityand governance India ClimatepoliciesinMinistryofPower: sectoralperformachieveandtradepat MinistryofNewandRenewableEnergy: offggridrenewableenergycertificate MinistryofEnvironmentandForests: wastewatertreatmentingangesbasin cogexistandonlylastoneproposesnama. =wastewaternamatoaddressthecities > inhabitantsnotdealtwithin thepastgangaactionplan(97of181 cities).focusispollutionreductionwith mitigationascogbenefit. =thewaterpartisseparateofindia s climatepolicyinstrumentsandis conditionalonforeignnamafunding. 2

3 3 AwateremissionfactorcanbecentralinMRV,anaddGontoincludeallemissionimpacts oranoutputvariable.existingpoascaninfluencenama smitigationscope.althougha wateremissionfactortoolisuniversal,boththenamaapproachandthenationalpolicy backgrounddeterminetheimpactthetoolapplicationcanhave. Mexico NAMAextendseconomicandsocial policies,pursuedbygovernmentagencies, overtimebuildnationalstrategiesand approachesusingunfcccinstruments. Strongnationalbodiespursuegenuine nationalpolicyandmajoreconomic sectors,noattentiontoforeignfunds. ThePoAispartandparcelofnational policyandintrinsicqualityofpoahasa strongenablingimpact. MRVispartandparcelofpolicydesign becausemortgageconditionsofloansand subsidiesanticipatethecostofinsulation, SWH,lights,etc.forhouseowners,and likewiseloansforservicesprovidersin waterandwaste(efficientpumps,wasteg waterbiogas,landfillgas,etc.).this influenceevolvesandwithittotalhousing efficiencylevels,mortgagetermsare updatedregularly. Thusmonitoringusesthesamedataas verificationforhousing.waterpartmrv canbesectorortechnologyderivedand doesnotinvolvetheloandesignasfor housing.insteadwaterpartmrvreflects physicalgriddifferences,settingbaselines. Jordan Subsidiesforwaterandelectricityare partialcausesofinefficiencies.thisnama seekstoovercomepolicyfailuresby creatingnewwatergenergygagriculture linkages. Nationalpolicyproblemsaddressed withforeignfundsandinternational climatepolicygoalsaretranslatedto nationalclimatechangeproblems. PoAshavedistinctinfluence,changing nationalpoliticsbytheirfunding objectives. TheMRVoperatesatinstallationlevel,but theperformanceofziwwtmustbe relatedtouncertainparameters.baselines includeapproximatedvolumesandlevels ofunmetwaterdemand. MRVparametersareusefulfornational watersectorpolicybutremainincomplete asverification.althoughaprojectnama, theemissionreductionisasectoroutcome withsignalgtognoiseuncertainties.ppiaf membersandministrieshavedifferent watermodels(weapofjordanvalley)to evaluatetheziwwtphysicalresults. Thailand Thecountryisdividedregionallyintwo largewaterutilitieswithuncertainbuygin tonesdpandtheinitiativerestswiththe largemunicipalities. WastewaterNAMAmightcompetewith PoAsonAMSVIII.HinThailand,andCDM projectsrunbysouthpole,sumitomo,jv Power,MarubeniandMitsubishi. MRVisseparatefromNAMAdesign,can buildonamsgiii.h,needtointegrate parametersthatdocumenttheresilience aspectssuchasfloodimpact,reguse potentialforshortages.potentialthatmrv remainsinoperablewiththewatershedor watersupplygeographythatdetermines resilience. India ThisNAMAputslargeforeignfundsto newnationalends(nationalganga Mission),unconnectedtonationally prominentpolicyinstruments.namaas instrumentisnotreceivedortranslated intonationalpolicy,unlikepoa. WastewaterNAMAchoiceintendedto showparticipationinnewunfccc instruments.waterpoascanruntheir coursebutdonotinfluencewater NAMA(exampleirrigationpumpPoAof BEE,AMSVII.P,andBEE scflpoa). MonitoringforGangeswastewater treatmentcanbuildoncdm methodologies,reportingisextensiveto demonstratetheuseofforeignfunding.

4 2. Mitigation / Adaptation Relation for Public Water Projects Climate change resilience is the ability to withstand sudden changes in environmental conditionsandfloodinganddroughtarethemostsevere.theimpactofwaterprojects variesmostlywithrainfallpatterns.theresiliencebenefitisstrongestintheupperleft countries in the following graph. Mauretania, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Chad, Sudan anddjiboutiareextremelywaterscarceandforthesamereasonsalsoaiddependent. Figure1: Applications of a water emission factor have high adaptation cogbenefits.onlyoneof theseldcs,djibouti,hasamajorclimateproject,awinddrivendesalinationplant(and the tool can be used). All others are included in the same worldwide PoA with AMSG III.AVrunbySouthPoleCarbon,focusingthepopulationwithoutaccesstoawatergrid, typically50g60%.theaidlegacyofruralwater(boreholes,handpumps)isstrong.no climatefinancedactivitiesexistinthepublicgridsinthesecountries.besidestheseldcs intheupperleftoftheabovegraph,jordanhasthehighestvulnerabilityandhasthefirst waterfocusednama. A separate group of countries for the mitigation/adaptation relation are the LDC SIDS Kiribati,Samoa,SolomonIslandsandVanuatu.Risingwaterlevelsandfrequentflooding lead to more salt infiltration of groundwater sources and these islands become uninhabitable.noneofthesecountrieshavedesalinationcapacity.intheseldcsids, applications of the water tool have high adaptation benefits and much smaller mitigationbenefits(watersupplyisnotenergyintensive). A third type of mitigation/adaptation relation is in LDCs outside Africa. Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Nepal have sufficient surface water and adaptationissuesrelatetoflooding.establishingawateremissionfactorcanhavesome adaptation benefits by improving water supply resilience and mainly mitigation benefits. 4

5 3.TypologyofToolApplicationFactors Institutional factors for the water sector are similarly important as the environmental context. Among public service utilities, for electricity, telephone, transport etc, water utilitiesareoftenthemostdeeplyembeddedinthenationalpoliticalhistory.thetool applicationinwaterutilitiesdependsontheirinclinationandabilitytoplan,topursue DSMGtype water projects and new investments in maintenance. Besides being a preconditionforusingclimatefinanceinwater,awateremissionfactorcanhavemore importantusesinutilitiesinavarietyofways. Fourdifferentcontextsofwateremissionfactorusesaresuggested,assumingutilitiesin each of the contexts have similar capacities. In the following Table water sector parametersimportantforwaterutilitiesareinthefollowingorder: CIFfundsused,NAMAsproposed,NonGrevenuewater(NRW)%lossesinthelargecities watergrids,wateravailabilitywhenlessthan24h/d,%ofhhwithsewerconnection, annualwaterusedpercapita,%agriculturewithirrigation. ToolimpactmainlythroughOPEX large nat. programs + commercial loans, strongprivates,strongpoas,namas PhilippinesCIFvaried,noNAMA NRW57G17%78%874m 3 /y50% MexicoCIF,NAMAssimilardiverse NRW43%81%703m 3 /y>80% TunisiaCIFallCSP,NAMAPlanSolaire NRW17%85%385m SouthAfricaCIF,NAMAssimilardiverse 3 /y<20% NRW11G30%59%272m 3 /y<20% ThailandCIFonlywithCDMwindandPV NRW26G33%96%845m 3 /y<40% Toolimpactthroughprojecttype increasing scarcity challenges institutions, carbonfinancearerentstocapture BangladeshCIFonlyCZM,noNAMA NRW29%3h/d36%241m 3 /y42% PakistannoCIF,noNAMA NRW42%8h/d58%184m 3 /y77% VietnamsmallCIFprojects,cementNAMA NRW32%65%965m 3 /y53% KenyaCIFgeothermal,noNAMA NRW38%16h/d30%72m 3 /y67% EthiopiasmallCIF,railNAMA NRW36%21%80m 3 /y90% Toolimpactbybetteraccounting, newincentives waterscarcity aidfundtraditionsinwater ownershippbs nocdmcmesorpps JordanCIFallCSP,NAMAwastewater NRW48%4h/week85%150m 3 /y>80% MoroccoCIFsimilartoNAMAsdiverse NRW29G21%72%270m 3 /y50% Toolbringspolicyattentionto instruments carbon finance only as national resource mgmt, aid fundsisolated,poorserviceis equityissue,allnocif,smallnama BrazilNRW40%77%306m 3 /y<20% ChinaNRW10G2665%410m 3 /y50% IndonesiaNRW34%52%517m 3 /y50% MalaysiaNRW32G21%94%488m 3 /y>60% countrieswithexpensiveanddeficientwatergrids,underincreasingstressand whichhavenationallydrivenandelaborateclimatepolicy. Water grid and policy context both favour using water emission factors to inform investmentdecisions.theenergyintensityclarifiesthevariablecostofwatersupply,the OPEX,itsreductionpotentialandaddsthevalueofcarbon. 5

6 water scarce countries with major inefficiencies from water governance (and high losses).oftencostsarenotknownornottransmittedtothosewhocausethem.these countries are also aid dependent, actively seek CIF and NAMA funds and translate internationalclimategoalsintonationalefforts.toolimpactispotentiallystrongwhen the emission factor takes various data sources and assembles their accounting. The water scarcity is the root of the governance inefficiencies and better insights into operationalconditionscanaffecttheseinefficiencies.thepossibilitytoapplythetoolis influencedbyinstitutionalbarriers. severewaterinfrastructuredeficits,unrelatedtowateravailability.deficitsin availabilityh/d,nrwandareascoveredreflectlowpolicypriorities.aiddependency s role can overrule national climate policies, indicated by CIF and NAMAs that are not centraltoeconomicsectorssuchasacementnamainvietnamorrailwaysinethiopia. The water sector in these countries has lower aid effectiveness than other sectors. Becauseofthelowpriority,therearemanytechnologyupgradeswithgoodreturnsthat even a partial application of a tool can support with climate finance. The novelty can havesignificationdemonstrationeffectsandmultipliers. countrieswhichstronglocalwaterdeficienciesthataresometimesaddressedwith localfunding,includingwaterconcessionstotheprivatesector.strongclimatepolicies are pursued (with exceptions) in parallel to foreign activities (Amazon, peatland). Water utilities can pursue water projects with climate finance that highlight the past negligence of water supply quality and supply efficiency (similar to many innovative CDMprojectsthatwerepossibleinthesecountries). 4.Kopiertaus UBAClimateChange13/2012,ChancenundBarrierenfür TechnikanbieterbeiCDMundJI Seiten44G TechniklinieWasseraufbereitungundAbwasserbehandlung(ReinigungsV verfahren):detailbetrachtung Marktsituation&Zielmärkte Für Techniken des nachhaltigen Wassermanagements besteht ein Weltmarktvolumen von derzeit190mrd.euro.eswirdprognostiziert,dassdasweltmarktvolumenbiszumjahr2020 auf bis zu 480 Mrd. Euro steigt, davon könnten circa 30 Prozent von europäischen Anbietern abgedecktwerden.derworldwatercouncilgehtindenentwicklungsländern(mitchinaund Indien) von einem zukünftigen Investitionsbedarf von 130 Mrd. und damit von einer Verdoppelung der heutigen Investitionssummen aus. Das Marktpotenzial ist unterteilt in ein Drittel Wasseraufbereitung, ein Drittel Abwasserbehandlung und ein Drittel Anlagen zu 6

7 Meerwasserentsalzung, Pumpen, Membranfiltration und Wassermessung/Ganalytik (vgl. UBA&BMU2007b). Im Bereich der energieeffizienten Wasserverteilung, wie Pumpensysteme, liegt der Weltmarktanteil der deutschen Unternehmen je nach Quelle zwischen 16 und 20%. Bei den Techniken Filtersysteme und Membranfiltration weisen deutsche Unternehmen einen Marktanteil von 15 beziehungsweise 17% auf und sind damit zusammen mit den USA Marktführer. Auch in dem Bereich der Filtration mit Nanokristallen wird in Deutschland ein Marktanteil von 12% gehalten. Deutschland erzielt so für den gesamten Bereich der Wasseraufbereitung den höchsten Welthandelsanteil. Besonders hervorzuheben sind hierbei dasdezentralewassermanagement,indemdeutschlandeinenmarktanteilvon40%aufweist. DasweltweiteMarktvolumenderMeerwasserentsalzungmittelsNanoGundUltrafiltrationsoll vonheute2mrd. auf50mrd. in2020wachsen.(vgl.bmu2007,uba&bmu2008,uba& BMU2009,UBA&BMU2007b). DienachhaltigeVersorgungwachsenderBevölkerungenmitsauberemWasserzwingtweltweit zueffizienteremumgangmitwasser,vorallemintrockenregionenwiesüdeuropa,nahostoder Afrika. Gleichzeitig haben die meisten Wachstumsmärkte und SchwellenG und Entwicklungsländer ein hohes Defizit an Wasseraufbereitungstechnik. Gemäß GTAI Branchenbarometer (GTAI 2011) bieten sich weltweit gute Marktchanchen für deutsche Unternehmen, primär in Regionen mit mangelhafter Wasserinfrastruktur, insbesondere Großstädten.Mehrals60%derchinesischenStädtehabenmangelndeWasserversorgung,mehr als200millionenbürgerhabenkeinensicherenwasserzugang(gov.cn(2011). Russland plant für die Jahre 2011G2013 1,5 Mrd. in die Wasserversorgung des Landes zu investieren, in Indien sind Investitionen von 9 Mrd. in die WasserverG und Abwasserentsorgung in 63 Städten und 650 Kommunen geplant, überwiegend durch Private PublicPartnerships.VielearabischeStaatensetzenstarkaufMeerwasserentsalzung.Dasgrößte PotenzialfürMembranfiltrationliegtinNahostundNordafrika.EinweiterergroßerMarktfür NanotechnologieGProdukte im Membranbereich zur Trinkwasseraufbereitung wird in China gesehen.esisthierjedochanzumerken,dassinsbesonderederbereichmembranfiltrationals teurehochtechnikvornehmlichfürdeneinsatzinindustrieländerninteressantist. Diese% UBA% Analyse% betrachtet% nur% Technologie6kategorien% als% ganzes,% z.b.% die% Kategorie% Bennstoffzelle%oder%Meerwasserentsalzung.%%Die%Exportdaten%und%die%Patentdaten%stammen%aus% einer% Untersuchung% vom% DIW/Fraunhofer/Berger% Consultants% und% beziehen% sich% ebenfalls% auf% ganze% Kategorien.% % Bei% dieser% Betrachtung% werden% die% eigentlichen% Technologieexporte% und% 6 dienstleistungen% nicht% bewertet.% Meerwasserentsalzung% als% Ganzes% wird% von% niemand% geliefert.%% Das%Anlagenteil%Energierückgewinnung%in%der%Umkehrosmose%wird%weltweit%nur%von%3%Herstellern% geliefert%(darunter%ksb)%und%wie%marktanteile%sich%entwickeln%wird%von%den%leistungsmerkmalen% unterschieden.% Ebenso% ist% Fichtner% Engineering% ein% deutscher% Dienstleister% unter% dreien% weltweit% die%meerwasserentsalzungen%planen%können.%%% CDM%wird%oft%von%den%Technologieführern%benutzt%(Osram,%Bosch6Siemens)%und%nicht%von%anderen.%% Die% Ergebnisse% dieser% UBA% Studie% sagen% nichts% über% die% Chancen% und% Barrieren% von% Technologieführern%in%den%jeweiligen%Technologie6kategorien% 7