Taller De Energias Renovables. Biogas in Germany, a Success Story

Transkript

1 Taller De Energias Renovables January 11th-13th Concepciòn, Chile Biogas in Germany, a Success Story Dr. B. Krautkremer, ISET e.v. Germany

2 Overview 2/34 ISET, System-Technique for Renewable Energies What is Biogas? Potential in Germany The process Biogas Plants Supply of Bio-Energy Cost of Production The Renewable Energy Legislation in Germany Conclusions

3 Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik e.v. 3/34 System-technique for the use of renewable energy and the rational use of energy Fields of R& D Wind Energy Photovoltaic Use of Biomass Energy-C onversion and Storage Hybrid-Systems Energy Econo m y Information and Training Executive board: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Schmid Dr. rer. nat. Oliver Führer Personal: ca. 95 employees Annual budget: about 8 Mio. Euro Information: w w w.iset.uni-kassel.de

4 R&D-Division Engineering and Power Electronics (Kassel) P. Strauß 4/34 Photovoltaic Systems Hybrid Systems Po wer Electronics Grid Control

5 R&D-Division Energy Conversion and Control Engineering (Kassel) P. Caselitz 5/34 Energy Conversion and Storage Condition Monitoring Technical Systemanalysis

6 R&D-Division Information and Energy economy (Kassel) Dr. K. Rohrig 6/34 Use of Wind Energy Energy Supply Structures Infor m ation- and Forecasting Systems Information and Training

7 R&D-Division Energetic Use of Biomass (Hanau, Germany) Dr. B. Krautkre mer 7/34 Fields of investigation: Biogas Plants Process analysis Process optimisation Probe develop ment Si mulation System Integration Thermal conversion processes Adaptation to Biogas De monstration- and Pilot Plants System Integration Si mulation Ne w Applications

8 What is Biogas? 8/34 Biogas: Natural Gas like product derived by the anaerobic digestion of wet biomass by micro organism. Well established procedure Natural Gas like quality Easy to use High availability Good opportunity for obtaining agricultural value added Not suitable for woody material Decentralised plants Production costs ct/kwh el

9 Classification in the process chain 9/34 Feedstock production, collection, Hydrolysis Acids, enzymes Gasification High heat, low oxygen Digestion Bacteria Sugars and Lignin Synthesis Gas Bio-gas Electricity Bio fuels Bio based chemicals handling and preparation Pyrolysis Catalysis, heat, pressure Extraction Mechanical, chemical Bio-Oil Carbon-Rich Chains Bio based materials Separation Mechanical, chemical Plant Products Heat

10 Potential in Germany I 10/34 Tierische Exkremente Tierische Exkremente und Einstreu 2 6,8 M io. M Wh /a 26,8 Mio. MWh/a Technisches Trägerpotenzial 136,3 Mio. MWh/a Erneterücks tände aus der La ndwirts c h a ft 2 4,7 M io. M Wh /a Ernterückstände aus der Landwirtschaft 24,7 Mio. MWh/a Landwirtschaftspflegematerial nds c m a te ria l 2,5 2,5 Mio. MWh/a A bfä lle a us Indus trie / G e we rbe 2,6 M io. M Wh/a Abfälle aus Industrie 2,6 Mio. MWh/a org. Org. 3,5 Siedlungsabfälle Mio. MWh/a 3,5 Mio. MWh/a 5,42 Abwasser M io.m Wh/a 3,5 Mio. MWh/a Energiepflanzen. M 65,6 Mio. MWh/a Deponien 5,3 M io. M Wh/a Deponien 5,3 Mio. MWh/a Hartmann/Kaltschmitt 2002

11 Potential in Germany II 11/34

12 Biogas in Germany, General Data 12/34 biogas plants ~ installed el. power ~ 500 MW directly related companies (engineering, construction ) employment effect 200 (small, medium sized) ~ jobs

13 Renewable Electricity 13/34 Share of renewable energies at total electricity consumption > 10 % 4% 4% 3% 3% sewage gas 2% photovoltaics biological liquid fuels 1% wind 0% water solid biomass 30% 53% biological waste landfill gas biogas

14 Anaerobic Digestion: The Cow-Analogon 14/34 The digestion process in a cow is Comparable to the biogas process. The analogon reveals the biological nature of the process. It depends on boundary conditions but also on history! The ability on adaptation is relatively slow depending on the reproduction rate of the micro organism (20 days). Bildquelle: Biogas, Top Agrar

15 Anaerobic Digestion: The four step process 15/34 1. Step 2. Step 3. Step 4. Step Cracking of macro molecules Fermentation of the cracking products Development of methanogen substrates Development of Bio Gas Manure, Bio degradeable waste Biomass Biogas Carbon hydrates Fat Proteines Sugar Faty Acids Amino Acids Bases Carbon Acids Gases Alcohols Acetic Acid Hydrogen Carbon Dioxide Methane Carbon Dioxide hydrolytic fermentative bacterias acetogene methanogene bacterias Balance between different population Conditions in the fermenter should match the requirements for all populations Only slight changes in feeding quality should be made

16 The biogas workers 16/34 Bacteria from a digestor in a biogas-plant (400-times enlarged) Source: Schmack Biogas AG

17 A typical plant (plan): 17/34 Manure 1 9 Wastes Biomass Rest Biogas Current 7 5 Heat (1) Stabling (2) Manure storage (3) Mixing 8 (4) Hygienisation (5) Reactor (6) Gas storage (7) CHP-System (8) Residues storage (9) Farmland Quelle: ATB

18 Typical plants 18/34 Volume of the fermenter: m 3 Annual mass flow of substrates: t El. power kw But: up to hours / a of full load!!!

19 Dry Anaerobic Digestion 19/34 Advantageous for mainly dry material Several containers for constant gas flow and -quality. Sometimes big efforts for explosion protection. High need for personal. Combination between wet and dry digestion sometimes a good solution. Bildquelle: Biogas, Top Agrar

20 Properties of Bio Gas 20/34 Co mponent Methane Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen Hydrogen sulphide Water Vol.-% saturated Content of Energy approx.6 k Wh each m³, equal to 0.6 m³ natural gas or 0.5 l oil Cost of Energy heat: 4-8 Cent each k W h power: 7-15 Cent each k W h Technical Potential in Germany: with waste material up to 15 % of the current private consumption of heat and up to 10 % of the current power consu m ption Reduction of Costs up to 2010: approx. 15 %

21 The mass flow: 21/34 Efficiency: Energy content of the biogas Energy content of raw material =10-30% Efficiency of conversion into electricity 30-45% 1kg Substrat Overall Efficiency: total energy in biomass to electricity ~10% TS = dry material ots = organic dry material = TS without ashes 100g TS 90g ots 45g Biogas

22 Use of co substrates I: 22/34 Plant 01* Plant 09* 29% 0%4% 5%0% 18% 31% 13% 9% Fats Food waste Energy crops Other stuffs Animal excrementa Food rests 91% Availability! * anonymisierte Angaben aus dem Biogas Messprogramm Hessen

23 Use of co-substrates I: 23/34 Mass share Energy share Plant 09 0% 4% 5% 0% Fats Food rests Energy crops Other stuff 41% 14% Animal excrementa 1% 1% 43% 91% Energy rich co substrates often bring the break even for profit! * anonymisierte Angaben aus dem Biogas Messprogramm Hessen

24 Energy Content of Bio Mass: 24/34 Rübenschnitzel Rübenmus 2% 0% Rapsabputz 5% Futterreste 1% Getreide 1% Getreideausputz 12% Maissilage 32% Kartoffel 0% Kohlsilage Grassilage 47% 0% From the biogas monitoring program in Hessian H u of biogas with 65% CH 4 = 6,5 kwh/m 3

25 Costs of Biogas Production I 25/34 Sorce: Fachverband Biogas

26 Costs of Biogas Production II 26/34 Source:ZSW Stuttgart

27 Capability of peak shaving 27/34 Leipzig electricity stock market, August 2003 price for electricity 2 / kwh biogas can be economic without grant future plants will provide capacity

28 The new renewable energy law in Germany 28/34 Fixed prices for biogas electricity average power of the plant guaranteed fixed price [ Ct / kwh el.] Basic price i.e. using waste Bonus for agricultural plants using just manure, energy crops Bonus for heat usage kw 11, kw 9, kw 8, > ,

29 Effects of legislation I 29/34 Development of the electricity production from renewable sources

30 Effects of legislation II 30/34 Total number of agricultural biogas plants Source: Schmack Biogas AG

31 Effects of legislation III 31/ Annual increase of plants Fixed price 10 Ct/kWh Bonus fixed price 16 Ct/kWh for energy crops 400 Stop of the national grant program Source: Schmack Biogas AG

32 Effects of legislation IV 32/34 Size distribution of plants 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% Source:Fachverband Biogas <70 kw <500kW >=500kW

33 Conclusions 33/34 Bio Gas can play a key role in the development of a renewable energy supply High mass flow leads to decentralised plants Suitable for wet bio mass in agricultural environment Helps to generate more added value on farms and brings employment for SMEs Energy crops have a high potential for energy supply but their use cause higher production costs Provision of base load is state of the art; >7000h/a availability Peak shaving will be a next future option and will guaranty independency from grants The renewable energy legislation in Germany showed a strong (and positive) influence on the development of the technology and helps to establish a important element of our future energy supply

34 Thank You for Your Attention 34/34 Special thanks to the German Biogas Association and Schmack Biogas AG

35 Use of Heat and Electricity : 35/ % Kraftwerk 50 % Elektrische Energie 50 % u n g e n u tz te Abwärm e 50 % Fossile Energieträger Up to no w: Central power stations decentral heating Austausch Elektrische Energie In future: Decentral co mbined heat and power systems 1/3 less fossilfuels 100 % Ö l / G as

36 Today's Grids: 36/34 Kohle Kernkraft Wasser Up to now Central power stations Dimensioning to meet maximum demand Time invariant tariffs Load dropping or barrage on customer side No information on grid load for customer Strictly load limitation for feed in Hochspannungsnetz Mittelspannungsnetz Niederspannungsnetz High need for spare power Only need for a unidirectional control

37 Tomorrows grids: 37/34 In future Kohle Kernkraft Wasser Additional decentral feed in Fulfilment of demand by trading Time variant tariffs Load- and cost optimisation by dialog Variable load limitation as a function of actual grid load Spare power reduced or eliminated by trading Windpark Bi-directional communication and high flow of information necessary PV BZ Wind PV BZ KWK