BIOTREIBSTOFFE IN DER SCHWEIZ: POTENTIAL UND RISIKEN

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1 BIOTREIBSTOFFE IN DER SCHWEIZ: POTENTIAL UND RISIKEN Rainer Zah Life Cycle Assessment & Modelling Abteilung Technologie & Gesellschaft Liestal, Zuckerrohrfeld auf Hawaii Was sind Biotreibstoffe? Biomasse Öle Pressung, Extraktion Pflanzenöl Zucker, Stärke Alkoholische Gärung Veresterung Destillation/ Rektifikation Biodiesel Bioethanol 1. Generation Vergärung Reinigung/ CO2-Abtrennung Biogenes Methan Ligno- Cellulose Vergasung Katalytische Methanisierung Synthese SNG Methan Biomass-toliquid 2. Generation (modifiziert nach U.Wolfensberger, agroscope) 2 1

2 Warum Biotreibstoffe? Konkurrenz zur Biomasse-Anbau Nahrungsmittel- verursacht Steigende Ölpreise produktion Umweltprobleme Klimawandel Einzige erneuerbare Energieform für Treibstoffe bereits am Markt verfügbar breite Lobby Automobilhersteller Landwirtschaft Energieversorger Produktionsmenge ist limitiert durch Anbaufläche Regierungen (Kyoto-Protokoll) Forschung Produktion ist komplex und kostenintensiv 3 Biomasse-Anbau verursacht Umweltprobleme 2

3 Ressourcen Verarbeitung Transport Nutzung Biodiesel Ethanol 100% Rape ME CH 100% Rape ME RER 100% PalmoilME MY 100% Soy ME US 100% Soy ME BR 100% Recycled plant oil ME CH 100% Recycled plant oil ME FR Methanol fixed bed CH Methanol fluidized bed CH Ethanol grass CH Ethanol potatoes CH Ethanol sugar beets CH Ethanol whey CH Ethanol wood CH Ethanol sweet sorghum CN Ethanol rye RER Ethanol corn US Ethanol sugar cane BR Treibhausgase Aggregierte Umweltbelastung Methan Methane grass biorefinery Methane manure Methane manure+cosubstrate Methane manure, optimized Methane manure+cosubstrate, optimized Methane biowaste Methane sewage sludge Cultivation Production Transport Operation Fossil Methane wood Diesel, low sulphur EURO3 Petrol, low sulphur EURO3 Natural gas, EURO CO2-eq. [kg/pkm] fossile Referenz UBP [Pt/pkm] 5 Umweltauswirkungen: Übersicht Agrotreibstoffe, erste Generation Treibstoffe aus Holz, 2. Generation Treibstoffe aus biogenem Abfall Richtlinien für Steuerbefreiung: < 60% THG-Emissionen < 125% Umweltbelastung 6 3

4 Landnutzungseffekte der Biotreibstoff-Produktion? Konkurrenz zur Nahrungsmittel- produktion Energiepflanzen- Anbau in der Schweiz Verdrängung Ausdehnung Intensivierung Energie Verdrängung Materialien Nahrung Natur? Weltmarkt 8 4

5 zah1 Domino Effekt (The Indianapolis Star, Mai 2008) 9 Indirekte Umweltauswirkungen, wenn ein Prozent des Schweizer Diesel-Bedarfs aus CH-Raps produziert würde Reinhard & Zah, Biomass & Bioenergy (in review) Reinhard & Zah, Journal of Cleaner Production (submitted) 10 5

6 Folie 9 zah1 INDIANA PRAIRIE FARMER-MAGAZINE: Corn and Soybean Growers Voice Strong Opposition to Cartoon Tom J Bechman tbechman@farmprogress.com May 13, 2008 Gary Varvel is one of the most widely recognized editorial cartoonists in the Midwest. His cartoons regularly appear in the Indianapolis Star, the major daily in the Hoosier capitol city. And many of the messages of his cartoons often seem spot-on to conservative-minded farm folk. However, a recent cartoon blasted ethanol and biofuels, not through words, but through the illustration and implication. According to Megan Kuhn, media communications manager for the Indiana Soybean Alliance and Indiana Corn Growers Association, the cartoon implicated biofuels as a cause for there still being starving children around the world. You can check that specific cartoon out HERE. Upset by the implication, ISA and ICGA stepped to the plate and begin fighting back. A press release issued by Kuhn reminded people that in the past nearly 60 years, the price of corn has gone up less than 400%, even at today's historically high corn prices, while the cost of a barrel of oil has increased more than 40 times over. Other sources recently have picked up the fight against media reports that high food prices are somehow related o farmers getting rich. This particular editorial pointed out that high energy prices, not high food prices, were driving up food prices. The main culprit is increased costs for transportation to move goods to the store. Industry analysts in the livestock arena who watch how farmers interact and react with such animal activist groups as PERTA and the like have been preaching all winter that farmers need to step forward and tell their story. The swift reaction of the ISA and ICGA through their executive director, media communications manager and even farmer officers would seem to think that some have taken Wes Jamison's message to heart. He's one of the speakers who came to Indiana last winter, from the University of Florida as an expert in interactions with animal rights activists, and preached that it's time farmers step up and do their own bidding. The ISA and ICGA actually went on the offensive before the Varvel cartoon appeared. They issued reaction to articles printed in Time magazine and aired on large, Midwestern TRV channels claiming that ethanol and biofuels would be the ruination, not the salvation, of America. Many fo the opponents of biofuels seem to be focusing on the food vs. fuel issue. Kudos to the ISA and ICGA staff and membership for stepping forward and expressing views on member's behalf about these important issues. Zah Rainer;

7 Biomassepotenziale (nach Oettli, 2004) Biomassepotenzial Schweiz Summe: Theoretisches Potenzial: 331 PJ Ökologisches Potenzial: 123 PJ Nutzung 2003: 37 PJ PJ Waldholz, Feldgehölze, Hecken, Obstbau Ackerkulturen, Kunstwiesen, Energiepflanzen Wiesland Ernterückstände, Gülle und M ist Strukturreiche Biomasse von Uferböschungen, Naturschutzflächen Strukturreiche Biomasse von Verkehrsflächen Altholz Restholz Abfälle aus Industrie, Gewerbe und Haushalten Theoretisches Potenzial Ökologisches Potenzial Energie genutzt Produktionsmenge ist limitiert durch Anbaufläche 6

8 elektrischer Antrieb? Mit Elektroautos (1.7 leq/100km): 600m2 PV-Panel auf Stalldach = kwhel/a Heutige Photovoltaikanlage in der CH -> 50 Autos bei je km/jahr Mit heutigen Autos (7.5 l/100km): 9 Fussballfelder (7ha) mit HochertragsEnergiepflanzen (z.b. Ölpalme MY) -> 50 Autos bei je km/jahr 50x 50x m2 600m2 First Solar, with permission from Beck Energy Wäre auf den 9 Fussballfeldern (50% genutzt) eine PV-Anlage: -> Autos bei km/a! 3000x Mater ials Scienc e & Technology 13 fe of st ib re ot n? Bi rde n lle w e so r t ie de W för ge Volumetrische Ziele z.b.., EU: 20% Bioenergie / 10% Biofuels bis 2020 Nachhaltigkeitszertifizierung best practice & Ökobilanz Richtlinien z.b., Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels, MinOeSt-Befreiung Mater ials Scienc e & Technology 14 7