Harry Cliadakis FASCISM IN GREECE THE METAXAS DICTATORSHIP

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1 Harry Cliadakis FASCISM IN GREECE THE METAXAS DICTATORSHIP

2 PELEUS STUDIEN ZUR ARCHÄOLOGIE UND GESCHICHTE GRIECHENLANDS UND ZYPERNS BAND 64 IN KOMMISSION BEI HARRASSOWITZ VERLAG WIESBADEN

3 Harry Cliadakis FASCISM IN GREECE THE METAXAS DICTATORSHIP Edited by Anne Cliadakis & Heinz A. Richter

4 PELEUS Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Griechenlands und Zyperns Herausgegeben von Reinhard Stupperich und Heinz A. Richter Band 64 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at Umschlagvignetten: Umschlagbild: Parade Gegenüber Titelblatt: Innenbild einer Schale des Peithinosmalers, Berlin, Pergamonmuseum (CVA Berlin 2, Taf. 61). Copyright: Verlag Franz Philipp Rutzen und Autor, 2014 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Ohne ausdrückliche Genehmigung des Verlags ist es nicht gestattet, das Buch oder Teile daraus auf fotomechanischem Wege (z.b. Photokopie, Mikrokopie) oder unter Verwendung elektronischer Systeme zu bearbeiten, zu vervielfältigen oder zu verbreiten. Printed in Germany on fade resistant and archival quality paper (PH 7 neutral). Gesamtherstellung: Beltz Druckpartner, Carl-Benz-Str. 11, Hemsbach VERLAG FRANZ PHILIPP RUTZEN D Ruhpolding, Am Zellerberg 21 Tel /883386, Fax 08663/883389, franz-rutzen@t-online.de In Kommission bei Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden, ISBN

5 CONTENTS Introduction 9 HISTORIC BACKGROUND TO 1935 Historic Pattern of Foreign Influences and Constitutional Crises to WWI 11 World War I and the Coming of the Republic 14 The Return of Venizelos 15 The Populist Party and the Election of The Plastiras Coup. Assassination Attempt Against Venizelos. Metaxas as a Public Figure THE KING S RESTORATION The March Revolt. Internal and Foreign Consequences 18 The June Election Becomes a Republican Referendum 21 Monarchy. Analysis of Kondylis as a Transitional Figure 21 The Kondylis Coup. The Role of George II 23 The British Role THE COMING OF METAXAS Introductory Summary 28 The King Begins Restoration as Constitutional Monarch 29 A Conversation with the German Minister 30 The Significance of the Elections and the Political Stalemate 31 The Major Parties and the Communist Menace. Parliament Suspended 33 Metaxas as Interim President. Labor s Reaction 35 Parliamentary Solutions Unacceptable to King and Metaxas 37 The Last Attempt. The British Interpretation. Metaxas Sums Up 38 METAXAS AND THE AUGUST 4TH REGIME The King Agrees. Historic Consequences: War and Civil War 40 Metaxas Fascism Crystallized by World War I 42 The Paradox of Fascism as an International System 46 Regime as Temporary or Permanent. Friction with Conservatives 47 The Regime s Legal Structure 48 The Regime s Philosophy 49 The National Youth Organization Struggle With Conservatives. Regime Consolidates 53 The King Supports Metaxas Forcing the British to Do So 55 DIPLOMATIC SETTINGS: GERMANY, ENGLAND AND THE AUGUST 4TH REGIME Introductory Summary 57 German Policy - Southeast Europe: The New Plan, Anschluss, and the Pursuit of Autarkie 58 Significance of the Rhineland 61 German Expansion into Southeast Europe British Policy in Europe to

6 8 THE ITALO-GREEK WAR, THE BACKGROUND 77 Italian Foreign Policy 77 Metaxas View of the War 84 British Mediterranean Strategy 87 Metaxas Italian Policy 89 THE ITALO-GREEK WAR, CONSEQUENCES 97 THE BRITISH INTERVENTION The British Decision to Intervene 109 The Reaction of the Metaxas Regime 116 Thermopylae 121 Conclusion 121 SUMMARY - TWO MILITARY ROLES - A CONFLICT OF POLITICS 126 Tssolakoglou, an Epilogue to the Regime 130 Diplomatic and Political Summary 131 APPENDIX A 134 CLIENTELISTIC FASCISM by Heinz A. Richter 135 BIBLIOGRAPHY 141 INDEX OF NAMES 148