Coping with a society in change. Selected findings from a longitudinal study 1987-212 Hendrik Berth, Peter Förster, Elmar Brähler, Markus Zenger, Yve Stöbel-Richter 85th Annual International Conference Training for Societies in Change The International Society for Business Education (SIEC/ISBE), Berlin, 9.8.213
Saxonian longitudinal study (Sächsische Längsschnittstudie) 1987-212 Methods the study Political attitudes What remains of the GDR? Unemployment Migration www.medpsy.de
Saxonian longitudinal study Start: 1987 (N = 1.281), approx. 14 y. old Zentralinstitut für Jugendforschung, Leipzig Sample representative for children born in 1973 in the GDR districts Leipzig, Karl-Marx-Stadt (41 schools) 1987-1989: 3 study intervals 1989: N = 587 declared further participation 212: N = 35 (59,6 %/77,1 %) participants 212: 39 years
Saxonian longitudinal study
Saxonian longitudinal study 45 % men, 55 % woman 53,4 % married, 22,8 % no partnership 75,9 % children unemployment 1,9 % 24,9 % migration to old federal states, 1995: 13 % 2,4 % no professional education http://www.wiedervereinigung.de/sls/ http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/sächsische_längsschnittstudie
Political attitudes www.medpsy.de
Political attitudes before German reunification (1987-1989) 1 75 5 25 future in GDR political commitment GDR future of socialism marxism-leninism is helpful 1987 97 88 87 54 1988 95 74 79 39 1989 94 67 63 25
What do you think about German reunification? (199-212) 1 75 5 25 9 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 strongly agree 35 44 47 51 52 51 47 51 47 44 47 48 5 49 35 37 49 51 46 46 agree 39 26 32 29 32 35 38 34 41 43 42 38 34 36 52 5 41 35 41 42
Satisfaction with the economic system (w) and political systems (p) in Germany 1993-212 (%) 5 25 93 94 95 96 98 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 W 31 46 42 29 29 39 35 33 27 26 27 29 33 32 33 37 39 42 P 23 34 31 23 21 28 34 27 22 2 23 25 27 29 39 36 45 43
Satisfaction with the political system in Germany in men and women 1992-212 (%) 6 5 4 3 2 1 92 93 94 95 96 98 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 men 46 33 47 44 31 31 37 4 36 31 28 33 34 37 49 41 52 52 wo men 27 15 23 22 15 12 18 27 2 13 14 19 21 22 3 32 39 36
Are you a winner or a looser of the German reunification? 25-212 (%) 75 5 25 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 winner 44,2 47,1 49,4 53,8 58, 67,8 69,2 63,7 looser 55,8 52,9 5,5 46,2 42, 32,2 3,8 36,2
Feeling as winner/looser of German reunification - impact on attitudes 212 (%) political orientation "left" confidence future fear of unemployment identity Germany (FRG) satisfaction political system endorsement reunification satisfaction with life winner looser 5 1 %
better before reunification better today 79 8 Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie 74 83 Comparison GDR - FRG (212) 6 4 54 43 41 49 28 24 2 2 17 1 8 4 social security 1 relationship of people education in school social justice gender equality human dignitiy health care system 1 possibilities for selffulfillment
Comparison GDR - FRG: better before reunification (1993-212) 1 75 5 25 1993 1995 1996 1998 2 22 23 24 25 27 29 212 social security 94 91 94 91 9 91 92 93 92 91 88 79 relationsship of people 78 83 82 8 78 79 78 8 81 8 79 74
Comparison GDR - FRG: better today (1993-212) 1 75 5 25 1993 1995 1996 1998 2 22 23 24 25 27 29 212 possib. for self-fulfillment 8 86 85 85 87 87 84 77 77 76 85 83 freedom of individuals 86 85 87 91 9 84 81 81 8 88 86
Attitudes towards school education before/after reunification (1996-212) 1 75 5 25 1996 1998 2 22 23 24 25 27 29 212 better before re. 24 33 37 48 53 58 7 68 62 54 better today 32 26 25 18 17 14 8 11 14 2
Attitudes towards health care system before/after reunification (1993-212) 1 75 5 25 '93 '95 '96 '98 ' '2 '3 '4 '5 '7 '9 '12 better before re. 31 28 24 24 33 31 36 43 39 4 35 24 better today 45 5 5 51 41 4 38 31 37 35 39 49
Identity Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie How do you feel? a) as citizen of the former GDR b) as citizen of the FRG (Bundesrepublik) 1 75 5 25 9 92 93 94 95 96 98 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 a) GDR 84 83 78 8 79 77 79 76 79 83 81 87 88 9 9 92 89 91 91 89 b) B undesrepublik 8 75 73 82 75 81 8 87 83 83 84 83 86 83 87 87 89 9 87
economic unity psychological unity 29 26 25 224 223 223 229 228 228 24 23 221 22 226 225 22 218 223 2 215 222 1998 1996 21 212 22 222 199 1998 1996 199 1995 2 25 21 215 22 225 23
What remains of the GDR? www.medpsy.de
Day nursery ( Kinderkrippe ) (%) % 75 5 25 men women total yes 68,5 63,8 65,8 mo 27,9 33,8 31,1
Impact of day nursery in the 197 s on threat (fear of unemployment, illness, poverty ) (M) 7 2 men women total yes 8,17 9,6 8,65 no 9,41 9,53 9,47
Impact of day nursery in the 197 s on depression (HADS, M, interaction d.n. x gender) 7 3,5 men women total yes 3,71 4,39 4,7 no 4,64 3,81 4,16
Identification with the (political) system in the GDR 1987-1989 1 questions like: 1) My future in the GDR is secure. 2) I am highly committed with my socialistic fatherland GDR. 3) I am highly committed with the USSR. (Russia) 4) I am ready to defend the GDR with all my power. 5) Socialism is our future. 6) I am proud to be a member of the FDJ. ( Freie Deutsche Jugend free German youth, communistic youth organization) 7)
Identification with the (political) system in the GDR 1987-1989 Identification 1987-1989 (M) Identification1987-1989 (groups) 35 total men women 3 25 2 4 35 3 25 15 2 1 5 1987 1988 1989 15 1 5 low middel high
What do you think about German reunification? - impact of identification 199-212 (%) 1,% 5,, 199 1993 1996 1998 2 22 24 26 28 29 21 212 total 73,4 79,6 82,8 81,7 86,7 86, 84,3 84,3 84,8 87,9 84,3 88,7 high i. 79, 81,8 75,9 75,6 83,4 81,9 84,6 8,5 84,1 86,5 82,9 9,2 low i. 76,6 79,4 88, 89,1 93,9 9,7 87,8 89,7 84,4 89,9 9,3 95,4
I am happy that the GDR no longer exists. - impact of identification 2-212 (%) 8% 4 2 22 24 25 28 29 21 212 total 44,8 46,8 43,4 4,1 4,9 45,1 45,2 48,6 high i. 34,5 41,7 35,7 34,5 31,4 35,5 39,5 46,8 low i. 52,5 52,6 55,1 52,8 57,9 56,8 69,4 69,2
Positive development in East-Germany - impact of identification 1992-29 (%) 4, 2,, 1992 1994 1996 1998 2 22 24 26 29 total 11,5 23,8 24,3 21,7 27,9 22,2 2, 2,4 28,2 high i. 1, 11,5 19,3 19,8 23,5 15,7 14,6 15,3 24,1 low i. 2, 3,5 34,9 3,8 35,4 3,9 27,6 3,7 33,
Differences between East- and West-Germans - impact of identification 1996-29 (%) 7, 35,, 1996 1998 2 22 24 26 29 total 59, 56,9 57,6 51,2 47,7 44,1 28,8 high i. 63,9 59,6 55,8 53,2 48,8 47,5 3,9 low i. 48,8 47,4 56,7 47,4 44,3 35,2 19,3
Did you have to change your plans for your professional future after German reunification? 5 25 1992 1996 yes, completely 3,2 37,5 yes, a little bit 38,5 34,6 no 31,4 27,9
Unemployment www.medpsy.de
Unemployment 1996-212 (%) 1 multiple one time 75 5 25 31 32 32 3 34 32 31 33 3,2 29 3 32 33 33 17 23 25 28 31 34 35 4 4 4 42 38,2 37 37 1996 1998 2 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212
Duration of unemployment (men, women, m) months 15 12 9 6 3 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 21 23 25 27 29 211 212 men (N=19),32 1,43 2,69 3,62 4,57 5,86 7,51 8,76 9,67 1,37 11,1 8,4 women (N=131),68 1,95 2,77 3,79 5,32 6,15 7,51 9,97 11,74 12,47 12,99 12,7
Unemployment - impact on attitudes (212) satisfation German reunification satisfaction personel situation satisfaction political system identity German (FRG) fear of unemployment optimism for future political orientation "left" winner reunification 2 4 6 8 1 not unemployed unemployed
Unemployment and children (wish for a child) 1998-212 (m, women only) 2,2 1,65 1,1,55 1998 2 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 21 211 212 multiple unemp. 1,45 1,49 1,36 1,48 1,55 1,46 1,58 1,6 1,53 1,54 1,44 1,46 never unemp. 1,76 1,73 1,8 1,79 1,87 1,93 2,3 1,88 1,94 1,96 1,64 1,75
Unemployment and children 24-212 (m. total sample) 2 1,5 1,5 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 never unemp. one time unemp. multiple unemp.
School marks (1989) and unemployment (1996-211) months 25 2 15 1 5 1996 2 24 28 211 1 (n=19) 1,91 3,26 4,7 6,23 6,55 2 (n=142) 2,97 5,25 7,63 1, 11,4 3 (n=89) 4,65 7,34 1,73 14,55 17,9 4+ (n=19) 7,63 11,16 16, 16,5 19,21
Unemployment and psychological distress (D-Score, m, 1996-212, p <.5) Distress 2 1,5 1,5 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 multiple unemp. 1,67 1,53 1,47 1,63 1,44 1,33 1,33 1,25 1,44 1,48 1,27 one time unemp.,85 1,5,92 1,6,96,59,89,94,88,95,84 never unemp.,69,67,76,71,64,43,72,75,8,93,7
Migration
Migration to the old federal states (%, 1995-212) 28 14 1995 1996 1998 2 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 OFS 13,1 12,9 18,5 22,7 23,4 23,2 23,7 23,7 24,3 25,6 26,5 25,1 22,5 22 24 Repatriates: 15,1% (211)
Satisfaction with income ( satisfied", %) and habitation 1996-212 1 75 5 25 1996 1998 2 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 East G. 53 56 59 53 59 6 59 57 56 62 57 66 67 West G. 76 82 75 77 72 74 64 7 65 71 77 74 8
Distress and habitation (28) MW 3,5 2,5 1,5,5 psychol. distress body symptoms East Germany 1,7 3,27 repatriates 1,32 2,81 West Germany,83 2,53
Psychological distress (1991/29) and habitation (29) MW 2, 1,, 1991 29 East Germany 1,51 1,17 West Germany 1,71,57
Summary www.medpsy.de
Saxonian longitudinal study Longitudinal study since 1987, 3-4 East-Germans from Saxony participation ~ 7 % (> 35) Political attitudes Gender differences Identity (citizen of former GDR and Germany (FRG)) Remains of socialization in GDR Unemployment (>7 % experiences) Migration to West Germany (25 %) Continuation planned (survey 27 in October 213)
Thank you for your attention. berth@wiedervereinigung.de http://www.wiedervereinigung.de/sls http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/sächsische_längssch nittstudie