Elektrochemische Speicher für Regenerative Energien und Netzlastmanagement

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1 Elektrochemische Speicher für Regenerative Energien und Netzlastmanagement Jürgen Garche

2 Motivation Batterien Ni-Cd Blei Na-Hochtemperatur Li-Ionen Redox-Flow Metall-Luft Zusammenfassung

3 Load and Wind Power in East Germany Ø 18 mrd. t Bleibatterie Source:Vattenfall

4 Load and Wind Power in East Germany Ø 18 mrd. t Bleibatterie (40 TWh 2050) Source:Vattenfall

5 ~5-10 kw ~ kw >200 kw >0,5 MW >1 MW Home Community Industrial Renewable Frequency Reg. Spinning Res.

6 x: Energy change steps Electrical Energy Storage Supercap Batterie BZ direct indirect indirect x=0 x=2 x>2

7 x: Energy change steps Electrical Energy Storage Supercap Batterie BZ direct indirect indirect x=0 x=2 x>2

8 Different Battery Chemistries

9 Demand Efficiency Cost A - Investment cost B - Operating cost C - Specific costs ( /kwh throughput ) = f(a, B, life time) Spec. Power (W/kg) Spec. Energy (Wh/kg) Foot print ( ~ Wh/l) Self discharge Operating temperature

10 Demand Efficiency Cost A - Investment cost B - Operating cost C - Specific costs ( /kwh throughput ) = f(a, B, life time) Spec. Power (W/kg) Spec. Energy (Wh/kg) Foot print ( ~ Wh/l) Self discharge Operating temperature

11 Favorits Stationary Storage Li-Systems - Redox-Flow - Li-Ion - Na-S, Na-NiCl 2 - Lead-Acid - Ni-Cd Redox- Flow

12 Favorits Stationary Storage Li-Systems - Redox- Flow - Li-Ion - Na-S, Na-NiCl 2 - Lead-Acid - Ni-Cd Redox- Flow

13 Golden Valley Electric Association Fairbanks (US, Alaska), bis -50 C 27 MW 15 min; 6,75 MWh Zellen (Saft SBH 920) 4 parallele Reihen 1 Reihe: Zellen in Serie 10 Zellen in einem Modul. Nennspannung: V Kapazität: Ah Masse: kg Lebensdauer: Jahren

14 Favorits Stationary Storage Li-Systems - Redox- Flow - Li-Ion - Na-S, Na-NiCl 2 - Lead-Acid - Ni-Cd Redox- Flow

15 Lead-Acid Battery Spezifische Energie: Wh/kg Spezifische Leistung: W/kg Lebensdauer zyklisch: ca. 5-7 Jahre Energieeffizienz: ca. 80 % Selbstentladung: ca. 3 %/m Arbeitstemperatur: -25 C +45 C Kosten: EUR/kWh

16 Demand Efficiency Investment Lifetime cost LAB

17 e.g. Berlin 1930: 186 MW, 62 MWh (20 min) Utilizer Electric Utility Hammermühle Selters, Deutschland HAGEN Batterie AG Berlin, Germany BEWAG Berlin, Germany Kansal Electric Power Company, Tatsumi, Japan Delco Remy, General Motors Muncle, IN, USA Crescent Electric Member Coop. Statesville, NC, USA Southern California Edison Chino, CA, USA Vaal Reefs, Goldmine South Africa Johnson Controls/Humboldt Foundry, Milwaukee, WI, USA San Diego Trolley San Diego, CA, USA Examples 1/2 Rating P max W 5h Application Commissioning 400 kw/ peak load lopping kwh 500 kw/ 7 Mwh 17 MW/ 14 Mwh 1 MW/ 4 Mwh 300 kw/ 600 kwh 500 kw/ 500 kwh 10 MW/ 40 Mwh 4 MW/ 7,4 Mwh 300 kw 600 kwh 200 kw/ 400 kwh load levelling 1985 load frequency control, instantanenous reserve multi-functions demo plant peak and lopping peak load lopping 1987 multi-functions demo plant 1988 peak load lopping, 1988 reserve power supply, power factor control peak load lopping 1989 peak load lopping 1992

18 Examples 2/2 Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, San Juan, Puerto Rico Pacific Gas and Electric San Remo, CA, USA Hawaii Electric Light Company Capital Island Hawaii 20 MW/ 14 Mwh 250 kw/ 167 kwh 10 MW/ 15 Mwh load frequency control 1993 peak load lopping by regionally distributed plants load frequency control, instantaneous reserve Pacific Gas and Electric Sev. locations, CA, USA Chugach Electric Assn. Anchorage, Alaska, USA 500 kw/ 1 MW (up to 4 units) 20 MW/ 10 Mwh peak load lopping by distributed plants, delay of investments in the power systems load frequency control, instantaneous reserve

19 BEWAG 17 MW / 14 MWh

20 1,2 MW/1 h rated Lead-Acid BESS - Herne, Bocholt - Multifunctional (peak shaving, UPS, power quality)

21 Lead-Acid Battery Costs Battery

22 Examples 2 Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, San Juan, Puerto Rico Pacific Gas and Electric San Remo, CA, USA Hawaii Electric Light Company Capital Island Hawaii 20 MW/ 14 Mwh 250 kw/ 167 kwh 10 MW/ 15 Mwh load frequency control 1993 peak load lopping by regionally distributed plants load frequency control, instantaneous reserve Pacific Gas and Electric Sev. locations, CA, USA Chugach Electric Assn. Anchorage, Alaska, USA 500 kw/ 1 MW (up to 4 units) 20 MW/ 10 Mwh peak load lopping by distributed plants, delay of investments in the power systems load frequency control, instantaneous reserve

23 Lead-Acid Battery Efficiency Investment Lifetime cost LAB Lebensdauer zyklisch: ca. 5-7 Jahre - Kollektorkorrosion - Aktivmassenerweichung (Partikelkontakt)

24 New Lead-Acid Battery Technology (Bipolar)

25 Bipolar- Technology monopolar configuration bipolar configuration e - e - e - e - cell wall (non conductive) path of electrons in a monopolar accumulator cell wall (bipolar plate) (conductive) path of electrons in a bipolar accumulator

26 New Lead-Acid Battery Technology (Bipolar) - Low internal resistance < 10 m - Highly efficient ~97% round trip 12V, 1 kwh

27

28

29 Demand Efficiency Investment Lifetime cost LAB Today

30 Demand Efficiency Investment Lifetime cost LAB LAB Today Tomorrow ca. 1,500 $/kwh ca. 1,750 $/kw

31 Favorits Stationary Storage Li-Systems - Redox- Flow - Li-Ion - Na-S, Na-NiCl 2 - Lead-Acid - Ni-Cd Redox- Flow

32 Na - High Temperature Batteries -Na-S 2Na + xs => Na 2 S x - Na-NiCl 2 (ZEBRA) 2Na + NiCl 2 => 2NaCl + Ni

33 Na + - HT Batteries Spezifische Energie: Wh/kg Spezifische Leistung: W/kg Lebensdauer zyklisch: >10 Jahre Energieeffizienz: 90 % Selbstentladung: nur thermisch 0,01 W/Wh (z.b. 200 W für 20 kwh Batterie) Arbeitstemperatur: ca. 300 C Kosten heute: 650 /kwh 2020: 250 /kwh

34 Demand Efficiency Investment Lifetime cost LAB HT HT today tomorrow

35 Na-S Battery Stationary Application NGK- Japan 50 kw 300 kwh module

36 Na-S Battery Stationary Application 50 kw 300 kwh module x 20 1 MW unit

37 34 MW, 228 MWh 17 x 2 MW Source: NGK

38 Younicos 1 MW Na-S

39 Source: NGK, K. Tanaka, IRES 2010

40

41 Favorits Stationary Storage Li-Systems - Redox- Flow - Li-Ion - Na-S, Na-NiCl 2 - Lead-Acid - Ni-Cd Redox- Flow

42 -3,04 V - 2,71 V - 2,92 V 15 g Na mit Wasser

43 Li-Systeme Metallisches Lithium Li reagiert mit Elektrolyten (El) => Schutzschicht (SS) + Wärme Li SS El Schutzschicht -

44 Li-Systems Metallisches Lithium Li reagiert mit Elektrolyten (El) => Schutzschicht (SS) + Wärme Problem: Schutzschicht kann zerstört und mit Dentriden durchwachsen werden - mechanische Spannungen (Vibration; zu dick ) - Schmelzen von Li ( T S = 179 C ) - Source: Russ Chianelli -Exxon

45 Li-Battery The controled bomb? Energy density of advanced Li batteries 3.6 kj/cm 3 -

46 Li-Battery The controled bomb? Energy density of advanced batteries 3.6 kj/cm 3 Energy density of TNT 6.7 kj/cm 3 -

47 Li-Battery The controled bomb? Energy density of advanced batteries 3.6 kj/cm 3 Energy density of TNT 6.7 kj/cm 3 Energy density of chocolate 22 kj/cm³ -

48 Li SS El Was tun? A - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer polymerer Elektrolyte polymere Elektrolyte: - feste Elektrolytlösungen - Mischung von flüssigem Elektrolyten mit Gelbildner ==> Li-Polymer Systeme -

49 Li SS El Was tun? A - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer polymerer Elektrolyte polymere Elektrolyte: - feste Elektrolytlösungen - Mischung von flüssigem Elektrolyten mit Gelbildner ==> Li-Polymer Systeme B - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer Li-Elektroden (Kohlenstoff, Legierungen) ==> Li-Ionen Systeme -

50 Li SS El Was tun? A - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer polymerer Elektrolyte polymere Elektrolyte: - feste Elektrolytlösungen - Mischung von flüssigem Elektrolyten mit Gelbildner ==> Li-Polymer Systeme B - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer Li-Elektroden (Kohlenstoff, Legierungen) ==> Li-Ionen Systeme C - Verwendung reaktionsträgerer Li-Elektroden und polymerer Elektrolyte ==> Li-Ionen-Polymer Systeme -

51 Li-Ion Battery Systems

52 Li-Ion Systems Shuttle Systeme, Rocking Chair Systeme Negative Elektrolyt Positive El => - + <= L Graphit Sauerstoff Metall Laden Entladen -

53 Li-Ion Batteries Spezifische Energie: Wh/kg Spezifische Leistung: > 1000 W/kg Lebensdauer zyklisch: > ca. 10 Jahre Energieeffizienz: 92 % Selbstentladung: 3-5 %/Monat Arbeitstemperatur: - 20 C 60 C Kosten heute: 750 /kwh 2020: 250 /kwh

54 Demand Efficiency Investment Lifetime cost LAB HT Li today

55 Li-Ion System - Materials 3 Mrd. Zellen

56 Electrochemical Window Electrochemical window Electrochemical window stable stable U red U - U + U ox U U red U ox U unstable Electrochemical window unstable U - U red U ox U + U

57 Li-Ion System - Materials 4,3 V 0,5 V Electrochemical window

58 Li-Ion System - Materials 4,3 V 0,5 V Electrochemical window

59 Li-Ion System Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) - Source: Vetter, EECPS

60 Li-Ion System Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) R R R - Source: Vetter, EECPS

61 Li-Ion System - Materials Electrochemical window

62 Li-Ion System - Materials Electrochemical window

63 Li-Titatnate/LiFePO 4 - Cell Lifetime Accelerated normal 50 years Accelerated cycling (discharge: 10C, charge 5 C) LiTitatnate/LiFePO4 Source: JPS

64 Altairnano LTO/LiFP 1 MW/ 250 kwh 20 MW/ 5 MWh

65 Demand Efficiency Investment Lifetime cost LAB HT Li Li ++ +(+) +++ today tomorrow

66 Favorits Stationary Storage Li-Systems - Redox- Flow - Li-Ion - Na-S, Na-NiCl 2 - Lead-Acid - Ni-Cd Redox- Flow

67 Redox-Flow Batterie die Brennstoffzelle (mit flüssigen Rektanden)

68 Redox-Flow Working Principle Vanadium RF

69 Redox-Flow Working Principle Vanadium RF geladen entladen

70 Redox-Flow Batterie Vanadium MWh

71 Redox-Flow Batterie Vanadium MWh FC H 2 O 2

72 Vanadium Redox-Flow Batteries Spezifische Energie: Wh/kg Lebensdauer zyklisch: > ca. 10 Jahre Energieeffizienz: < 80 % Arbeitstemperatur: 0 C 30 C Kosten heute: 900 /kwh 2020: 200 /kwh

73 Demand Efficiency Investment Lifetime cost LAB HT Li VRB VRB today tomorrow

74 Redox-Flow- Systems Fe - Cr - System Fe 3+ + Cr 2+ ===> Fe 2+ + Cr 3+ Fe 3+ + e - ===> Fe 2+ Cr 2+ - ===> Cr 3+ + e - Br 2 - Cr - System Br 2 + 2Cr 2+ ===>2Br - + 2Cr 3+ Br 2 + 2e - ===>2Br - 2Cr 2+ - ===> 2Cr e - Vanadium System V 5+ + V 2+ ===> V 4+ + V 3+ V 5+ + e - ===> V 4+ V 2+ ===> V 3+ + e - Polysulfide-Br 2 System (Regenesys) 3Br - + S 4 2- => Br S 2 2- S e - ===> 2S 2 2-3Br - ===> Br e -

75 Vorkommerziell

76 Redox-Flow Batterie Vanadium 200 kw/800 kwh 200 kw/800kwh vanadium redox battery installation at Kashima-Kita Electric Power Corporation, Japan.

77 ZSW Redox-Flow Module Vanadium 32 Cells (14 Ah) Source: ZSW

78 Regenesys (Polysulfide-Br 2 ) in Little Bredford (GB) 5 kw (0,1 m²) 100 kw (0,7 m²) 12 MW 120 MWh

79 Vanadium-Redox-Flow - Cellstrom 10 kw/100 kwh, ca /kw, /kwh

80

81 Metall Luft Zn-O 2 Al-O 2 Mg-O 2 (Li-O 2 ) Metallherstellung Elektrolyse Langzeitlagerung Metallplatten Verstromung Metall-Luft Batterien, < 60 %

82 Zusammenfassung

83 Demand (Today) Efficiency Investment Lifetime cost LAB HT Li Redox

84

85 Capital Cost per kwh

86 Battery Demand - Tomorrow Efficiency Investment Lifetime cost LAB Na-S Li ++ +(+) +++ Redox

87 Rated Energy / MWh 1 Cyles per year 300 PV Cost EUR/kWh 0,3 Pb Pb Na-S Na-S Li Li RFB RFB today tomorrow today tomorrow today tomorrow today tomorrow Depth of Discharge Effective Storage Size/MWh 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,25 1,11 1,11 1,11 1,11 Efficiency /% Invest EUR/kWh Battery Total Invest /Mill EUR System Total Invest /Mill EUR Lifetime Battery / a Throughput Energy /GWh 2,1 3,6 3,0 4,5 3,0 6,0 3,0 6,0 kwh Throughput Cost/ EUR/kWh 0,14 0,05 0,25 0,06 0,28 0,04 0,30 0,05 Charge Loss / GWh 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,5 0,2 0,3 0,8 1,2 Charge Loss Cost /Mill EUR 0,13 0,11 0,09 0,14 0,07 0,09 0,23 0,36 Charge Loss Cost per kwh throughput/eur 0,06 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,02 0,02 0,08 0,06 Battery Cost kwh throughput/ EUR/kWh 0,20 0,08 0,28 0,09 0,30 0,05 0,37 0,11 System Cost kwh throughput/ EUR/kWh 0,41 0,16 0,56 0,17 0,60 0,10 0,74 0,21

88 Cost of through-put kwh x C/kWh x C/kWh C/kWh 2020

89

90 5 Bände, 350 Kapitel, 12 kg, 120 /kg

91 Danke für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit Jürgen Garche

92 Redox-Potentials of RF-Elektrodes (liquid)