Of God(s), Trees, Kings, and

Transkript

1 STUDIA ORIENTALIA PUBLISHED BY THE FINNISH ORIENTAL SOCIETY 106 Of God(s), Trees, Kings, and Scholars Neo-Assyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola Edited by Mikko Luukko, Saana Svärd and Raija Mattila Helsinki 2009

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3 Of God(s), Trees, Kings and Scholars

4 frontispiece. Assyrian official and two scribes; one is writing in cuneiform on clay or on a writing board and the other probably in Aramaic on leather. me courtesy trustees of the british museum

5 STUDIA ORIENTALIA PUBLISHED BY THE FINNISH ORIENTAL SOCIETY Vol. 106 Of God(s), Trees, Kings, and Scholars Neo-Assyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola Edited by Mikko Luukko, Saana Svärd and Raija Mattila Helsinki 2009

6 Of God(s), Trees, Kings, and Scholars: Neo-Assyrian and Related Studies in Honour of Simo Parpola Studia Orientalia, Vol Copyright 2009 by the Finnish Oriental Society, Societas Orientalis Fennica, c/o Institute for Asian and African Studies P.O.Box 59 (Unioninkatu 38 B) FIN University of Helsinki F i n l a n d Editorial Board Lotta Aunio (African Studies) Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila (Arabic and Islamic Studies) Tapani Harviainen (Semitic Studies) Arvi Hurskainen (African Studies) Juha Janhunen (Altaic and East Asian Studies) Hannu Juusola (Semitic Studies) Klaus Karttunen (South Asian Studies) Kaj Öhrnberg (Librarian of the Society) Heikki Palva (Arabic Linguistics) Asko Parpola (South Asian Studies) Simo Parpola (Assyriology) Rein Raud (Japanese Studies) Saana Svärd (Secretary of the Society) Editorial Secretary Lotta Aunio Typesetting Noora Ohvo ISSN ISBN Gummerus Kirjapaino Oy Jyväskylä 2009

7 Contents Preface...xi Bibliography of the Publications of Simo Parpola...xv Neo-Assyrian Studies Eunuchen als Thronprätendenten und Herrscher im alten Orient...1 Claus Ambos The Origins of the Artistic Interactions between the Assyrian Empire and North Syria Revisited...9 Sanna Aro Aramaic Loanwords in Neo-Assyrian: Rejecting Some Proposals...19 Zack Cherry To Speak Kindly to him/them as Item of Assyrian Political Discourse...27 Frederick Mario Fales Osservazioni sull orticoltura di epoca neo-assira...41 Sabrina Favaro Assurbanipal at Der...51 Eckart Frahm A New Cylinder Inscription of Sargon II of Assyria from Melid...65 Grant Frame Wiping the Pot Clean : On Cooking Pots and Polishing Operations in Neo-Assyrian Sources...83 Salvatore Gaspa The Camels of Tiglath-pileser III and the Arabic Definite Article...99 Ja a k k o Hä m e e n-an t t i l a Informationen aus der assyrischen Provinz Dūr-Šarrukku im nördlichen Babylonien Karlheinz Kessler

8 A Neo-Assyrian Royal Funerary Text Th e o d o r e Kw a s m a n A Happy Son of the King of Assyria: Warikas and the Çineköy Bilingual (Cilicia) Gi o v a n n i B. La n f r a n c h i Remembrance at Assur: The Case of the Dated Aramaic Memorials Alasdair Livingstone The Chief Singer and Other Late Eponyms Raija Mattila Family Ties: Assurbanipal s Family Revisited Jamie Novotny & Jennifer Singletary Ašipâ Again: A Microhistory of an Assyrian Provincial Administrator Br a d l e y J. Pa r k e r Neo-Assyrian Texts from Nebuchadnezzar s Babylon: A Preliminary Report Olof Pedersén Noseless in Nimrud: More Figurative Responses to Assyrian Domination Barbara Nevling Porter The Assyrian King and his Scholars: The Syro-Anatolian and the Egyptian Schools Karen Radner Fez, Diadem, Turban, Chaplet: Power-Dressing at the Assyrian Court Julian Reade Die Inschriften des Ninurta-bēlu-uṣur, Statt halters von Kār-Salmānu-ašarēd. Teil I Wolfgang Röllig Who Were the Ladies of the House in the Assyrian Empire? Saana Svärd & Mikko Luukko I Feared the Snow and Turned Back Greta Van Buylaere

9 Assyriological and Interdisciplinary Studies Maqlû III 1-30: Internal Analysis and Manuscript Evidence for the Revision of an Incantation Tzvi Abusch Some Otherworldly Journeys in Mesopotamian, Jewish, Mandaean and Yezidi Traditions Amar Annus The Diverse Enterprises of Šumu-ukin from Babylon Muhammad Dandamayev Armer Mann von Nippur : ein Werk der Krisenliteratur des 8. Jh. v. Chr Manfried Dietrich Two Middle Assyrian Contracts Housed in Istanbul Veysel Donbaz Two Bilingual Incantation Fragments Ma r k h a m J. Ge l l e r Wilhelm Lagus: A Pioneer of Cuneiform Research in Finland Tapani Harviainen Wisdom as Mediatrix in Sirach 24: Ben Sira, Love Lyrics, and Prophecy Martti Nissinen A Mesopotamian Omen in the Cycle of Cyrus the Great Antonio Panaino with an Appendix on Cuneiform Sources by Gi a n Pi e t r o Ba s e l l o Some Reflections on Metaphor, Ambiguity and Literary Tradition Simonetta Ponchia Reflections on the Translatability of the Notion of Holiness Beate Pongratz-Leisten Altorientalisches im Buch Judith Robert Rollinger

10 Bibliography Abbreviations...502

11 Neo-Assyrian Texts From Nebuchadnezzar s Babylon: A Preliminary Report Olof Pedersén Abstract Some of the latest Neo-Assyrian texts so far excavated were unearthed by Koldewey already in 1903 in the South Palace built by Nebuchadnezzar II in Babylon. A short description of the finds together with a preliminary treatment of one of the texts will be given here. Noteworthy are the capacity units sa and ak. 1. neo-assyrian texts from nebuchadnezzar s reign found at tell ŠĒḪ ḤAMAD During Hartmut Kühne s excavation in 1992 at Dur-Katlimmu (modern Tell Šēḫ Ḥamad) in northeast Syria, a group of four quite unexpected clay tablets were unearthed in a late Neo-Assyrian early Neo-Babylonian private house (Kühne 1993). The texts were quickly studied and published (Postgate 1993, Röllig 1993ab, Brinkman 1993, Fales 1993). The reason for their quick publication and the great interest among scholars were that they were written with Neo-Assyrian script, language, and legal formulas, but dated to the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, years 2 and 5, during the following Neo-Babylonian period. At the time of their excavation, these texts were considered to be the latest Neo-Assyrian written texts unearthed so far. As will be shown here, clay tablets with Neo-Assyrian script of similar or even slightly later date may have been unearthed some 90 years earlier. 2. neo-assyrian texts from nebuchadnezzar s reign found in babylon Robert Koldewey conducted his famous excavations in Babylon during Already in 1903, during the work in the area of the South Palace

12 194 Olof Pedersén built by Nebuchadnezzar II, the archaeologists discovered the only main administrative archive in Babylon. Only a handful of the hundreds of tablets found in palace archives N1, N2, and N3 have so far been published (Weidner 1939, Pedersén 2005a: ) The Excavations The South Palace, immediately southwest of the Ištar Gate in Babylon was the most completely excavated large building in Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar expanded eastwards an earlier construction by his father Nabopolassar and the result was a large building with 600 rooms on the ground floor around a series of some 50 inner courtyards. The building was partially reconstructed in the 1980s. In the northeast section of the palace where the large, vaulted sub-terrain chambers were situated, the main part of the archive (N1) with 300 assigned excavation numbers was found. A smaller group of tablets (N2) related to the main group was found next to the Ištar gate and another small group of related tablets (N3) was recorded as found at the entrance area of the South Palace (Pedersén 2005a: ) The Archives The more than 300 tablets are the remains of administrative archives (N1 N3) recording the entering and expenditure of large quantities of foodstuffs: barley, dates, and sesame oil. The incoming barley was stored in large silos at the palace and in other parts of Babylon. The sesame oil was distributed to important Babylonians and foreigners present in Babylon (Pedersén 2005b); among them were the exiled king Jehoiachin of Judah (2 Kings 24:8 17). The texts in the archives date from the years 3 34 during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II. In many texts both the name of the king and the regnal year are mentioned, but in several Neo-Babylonian texts only the regnal year and not the name Nebuchadnezzar is given. Internal relations among the texts confirm that, even when the royal name is not mentioned, the regnal years refer to Nebuchadnezzar II (Pedersén 2005a: ). This is probably also the situation with the few texts written in Neo-Assyrian found together with Neo- Babylonian tablets in the entrance area of the palace built by Nebuchadnezzar (N3) to be discussed here. The Neo-Assyrian texts are dated to the years 3 9 (or years 3 6?) and deal with matters similar to the Neo-Babylonian tablets from the same findspot.

13 Neo-Assyrian Texts from Nebuchadnezzar s Babylon 195 The texts in the archives are in the process of being published by O. Pedersén, responsible for transliterations, translations, commentaries, and studies, and J. Marzahn, responsible for the cuneiform copies. Below, one text written in Neo-Assyrian will be preliminarily discussed as an example. Although it has not been possible to rediscover many of the tablets from the German excavations in Babylon from museums or other collections, the photos made during the excavations are sometimes known. One such Neo- Assyrian tablet, Bab 27274, has already been published in photo (Pedersén 2005a: 130, Fig. 61). That tablet is of the same type as the one discussed here A Text as an Example As an example of the Neo-Assyrian texts from Nebuchadnezzar s South Palace in Babylon, Bab (now VAT also to be seen on PhBab 1235 [1 2] and 1236 [1 2]) is here presented in photo (Fig. 1) and transliteration with translation. Fig. 1. Photo of the reverse of Bab taken during the excavation in Babylon (PhBab 1236). The transliteration given below is based on a reading of the original tablet in comparison with the excavation photos.

14 196 Olof Pedersén Transliteration Upper edge 1 [x x x x x x x x.x].x 6 ak še.giš.ì 2 [x x x x x x x x.x].4 3 qa 5 ak ì u d.1 Obverse 1 1 gur.2 pi [ì i]š-kar ša iti.barag mu qa 2? ak ì 5 ak še.giš.ì u d.1 ša i t i.gud ? 5 ak ì 5 ak še.giš.ì ša i t i.sig 4 u d qa 6 ak ì 4 qa 5 ak še.giš.ì kimin iti.šu qa 5 ak ì 5 ak še.giš.ì i t i.ne ak ì 5 ak (še.giš).ì ša i t i.kin qa 7 ak ì 5 ak še.giš.ì i t i.du qa 5 ak ì 5 ak še.giš.ì i t i.apin Lower edge qa 3 ak ì qa 5 ak še.g i š.ì i t i.gan Reverse qa 8 ak ì qa še.giš.ì i t i.ab qa 6 ak ì 1 qa še.giš.ì i t i.zíz qa 5 ak ì 5 ak še.giš.ì i t i.še 4 1 pi še.giš.ì ina ka-bar-te 1 pi še.giš.ì ina b u r šá 12 i t i.me? 5 [pab] 3 g u r 14 sa 2 qa 1 ak ì 6 a-[na] 24 gur.1.4 še.giš.ì šá ì 7 18 s[a]-te 2 qa še.giš.ì ḫal-ṣu-te pab 4 pi.4 še.giš.ì 8 pab 25 [gur].1.2 še.giš.ì ta šà iti.barag 9 a-di i t i.še m u?.3?

15 Neo-Assyrian Texts from Nebuchadnezzar s Babylon 197 Translation Upper edge 1 [ x+].6 litres sesame 2 [ x+]27.5 litres oil, day 1. Obverse litres oil, iškāru assignment of the month Nisan (I), year 3; litres oil 0.5 litre sesame day 1 of month Iyyar (II); litres oil 0.5 litre sesame of month Sivan (III), day 1; litres oil 4.5 litres sesame day 1, month Tammuz (IV); litres oil 0.5 litre sesame month Ab (V); litres oil 0.5 litre sesame of month Elul (VI); litres oil 0.5 litre sesame month Tishri (VII); litres oil 0.5 litre sesame month Marchesvan (VIII); Lower edge litres oil 9.5 litres sesame month Kislev (IX); Reverse litres oil 19 litres sesame month Tebet (X); litres oil 1 litre sesame month Shebat (XI); litres oil 0.5 litre sesame month Adar (XII); 4 36 litres sesame in kabartu, 36 litres sesame in pūru for 12 months. 5 6 [Total:] litres oil for 4,380 litres sesame of oil; litres pressed-out sesame, total: 168 litres sesame; 8 9 Total: 4,548 litres sesame from the month Nisan (I) until the month Adar (XII), year 3.

16 198 Olof Pedersén 2.4. Commentary Not only the Neo-Assyrian script, but also several other aspects of the text, either Neo-Assyrian or Neo-Babylonian, are noteworthy. Due to the fragmentary state of the tablet and because there are only a few fragmentary additional tablets of similar type in the archives, there are still a number of problems with the interpretation. Some of these matters will be preliminarily discussed here. The upper edge is here taken as the beginning of the document because of the other texts of similar type Writings The frequent syllabic short writings of capacity units are interesting: sa (or sa-te), qa, and ak. The smallest unit is ak as an abbreviation for akal or akalu (n i n d a), in the Babylonian system a tenth of the next larger unit, i.e. ca 0.1 litre. The middle unit, qa or s ì l a, in full form qû, is of course the well-known approximate correspondence to 1 litre. The larger unit sa or sa-te is the short form of sūt or sūtu (often written b á n or 0.0.1), in plural sât or sâtu or sūtātu, first equivalent to 10 litres, later 6 litres in Babylonia. The largest units are pi or and g u r (kur or kurru) or 1.0.0, which looks like a normal Neo-Babylonian kur-system also used in Neo-Assyrian documents. The subtotal in r.7 has in other texts a correct sum. Here one of the two added components has not been written Units and Calculations The units and calculations are not fully clear in all details due to the fragmentary state of the tablets of this subgroup, but some preliminary points can be made. It is possible to calculate the amounts with contemporary Neo-Babylonian values of the units as has been done here in the translation. In that case only the 18 sa-te are apparent, instead of the normal 3 pi, and the 14 sa instead of the expected 2 pi 2 sa. At the end of the tablet, the total of sesame (r.8) is the sum of the amounts of sesame given in two earlier lines (r.6 and r.7); so also in other tablets of the subgroup. The amount of sesame (r.6) is almost exactly seven times the amount of oil in the previous line (r.5), not the six times used in most other tablets of the archive. 3. Conclusion and Perspectives A small group of administrative documents written in Neo-Assyrian was found together with Neo-Babylonian tablets from the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II in the South Palace built by Nebuchadnezzar in Babylon. If the dating to the reign of

17 Neo-Assyrian Texts from Nebuchadnezzar s Babylon 199 Nebuchadnezzar will not be challenged, the Neo-Assyrian tablets from Babylon may together with the approximatively contemporary tablets from Dur-Katlimmu be so far the latest available Neo-Assyrian texts. Some of the readings of the capacity units are exceptional: sa and ak together with the common qa. The full understanding of the details of the texts awaits future studies. The texts from the archives in the South Palace in Babylon, both the many Neo- Babylonian and the small group of Neo-Assyrian, are in the process of publication and edition. The Vorderasiatisches Museum (Berlin) and especially its curator of cuneiform texts, Dr. J. Marzahn, are thanked for the opportunity to make a preliminary discussion of a small section of the material here. Several of the texts only exist as photos taken during the excavations in Babylon (some can be seen in the figures in Pedersén 2005a), and the rediscovery of more tablets from the German excavations in different collections would greatly improve the study of this interesting city.

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