Pilot-scale demonstration of the hydrothermal gasification of wet biomass. F. Vogel, Paul Scherrer Institut and Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz

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1 Pilot-scale demonstration of the hydrothermal gasification of wet biomass F. Vogel, Paul Scherrer Institut and Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz

2 Outline Synthetic natural gas (SNG) PSI s catalytic hydrothermal gasification process First Pilot-scale tests Roadmap and Outlook frederic.vogel@psi.ch

3 Methane: a universal and clean fuel for centralized, decentralized, and transport applications Already available and affordable today! 88 g CO2/km (Gasoline: 115 g CO2/km) Combined cycle ηel up to 60% kwel kwth 1 kwel 1.8 kwth frederic.vogel@psi.ch

4 Pyrolysis vs. Hydrolysis 0.1 MPa N 2 or H 2 O(g), 500 o C 15 MPa H 2 O(l), 340 o C Pyrolysis oil (= mixture of tars and water) + char and gases (from Peterson et al., EES 2008, 1, 32-65) frederic.vogel@psi.ch

, MIT, 1993 Precipitation of Na 2 SO 4 from a 4 wt% solution on a hot finger.

5 Salt solubility in supercritical water after run before run T pc = 385 C F. J. Armellini, PhD thesis, Dept. of Chem. Eng., MIT, 1993 Precipitation of Na 2 SO 4 from a 4 wt% solution on a hot finger. T solution = 356 C, p = 25 MPa Hodes, M. et al., JSCF 29 (2004) frederic.vogel@psi.ch

6 PSI s supercritical water gasification process C 28 MPa C 28 MPa C 28 MPa 50 C 28 MPa frederic.vogel@psi.ch

7 Energy flow diagram for sewage sludge Klärschlamm kw Pumpleistung 39 kw 4.4 t/h digested sludge with 22% dry solids Calculated raw SNG composijon: CH vol% CO vol% H vol% H 2 O 1.0 vol% NH vol% Rekuperation kw Net thermal efficiency = 66% Abwasser (inkl. NH 3 ) 386 kw Wärmetauscher kw Salzabscheider kw Reaktor Pumpe Wärmetauscher kw Phasentrenner Rauchgas 417 kw Organik 377 kw Kühlung Sole 300 kw Reaktorverluste 177 kw Wärme 18 kw Gas 456 kw Abgas 46 kw LUVO/Brenner Gebläse 7 kw SNG kw frederic.vogel@psi.ch

8 Salt separator prototype up to 35 MPa, 700 o C Design capacity 50 kg/h Heated by hot nitrogen (or air) Engineering and construction by KASAG (Langnau i.e.) CFD simulations by ZHAW Sponsored by BFE P&D frederic.vogel@psi.ch

9 Feed in Feed in salt-free stream, to reactor Hot gas out central tube Hot gas out bellow expansion joint tube bundle Hot gas in Hot gas in Brine pot, cooled Brine withdrawal

11 Test in the Pilot Plant VERENA at KIT (D) substituted by PSI s salt separator Reactor filled with catalyst (5% Ru/C) and sulfur trap (ZnO) Source: frederic.vogel@psi.ch

Pilot Plant VERENA at KIT Source: http://www.ikft.kit.

12 Pilot Plant VERENA at KIT Source:

Grinding and Pumping of Feed Stream Source: http://www.ikft.

13 Grinding and Pumping of Feed Stream Source:

14 Reactor Source:

Removing the catalyst Source: http://www.ikft.kit.edu Catalyst pellets in the reactor aoer the test Source: S.

Boukis, Erfolgsbericht zum Projekt «EtaMax: Mehr Biogas aus lignozellulosearmen Abfall- und

15 Removing the catalyst Source: Catalyst pellets in the reactor aoer the test Source: S. Herbig, E. Hauer, N. Boukis, Erfolgsbericht zum Projekt «EtaMax: Mehr Biogas aus lignozellulosearmen Abfall- und Mikroalgenreststoffen durch kombinierte Bio-/ Hydrothermalvergasung, Teilprojekt 4: Hydrothermale Vergasung von Gärresten der Biogasherstellung, KIT, November

16 Operating conditions with digestate 13 h of non- stop run, limited by amount of digestate Source: S. Herbig, E. Hauer, N. Boukis, Sachbericht zum Projekt «EtaMax: Mehr Biogas aus lignozellulosearmen Abfall- und Mikroalgenreststoffen durch kombinierte Bio-/ Hydrothermalvergasung, Teilprojekt 4: Hydrothermale Vergasung von Gärresten der Biogasherstellung, KIT, November 2015 frederic.vogel@psi.ch

17 Product gas composition with digestate Source: S. Herbig, E. Hauer, N. Boukis, Sachbericht zum Projekt «EtaMax: Mehr Biogas aus lignozellulosearmen Abfall- und Mikroalgenreststoffen durch kombinierte Bio-/ Hydrothermalvergasung, Teilprojekt 4: Hydrothermale Vergasung von Gärresten der Biogasherstellung, KIT, November

18 Summary of Results Process targets 90% 99% ð Difficulty in closing the carbon balance ð Flushing and inspecjon of the plant did not reveal a substanjal amount of residues Source: S. Herbig, E. Hauer, N. Boukis, Sachbericht zum Projekt «EtaMax: Mehr Biogas aus lignozellulosearmen Abfall- und Mikroalgenreststoffen durch kombinierte Bio-/ Hydrothermalvergasung, Teilprojekt 4: Hydrothermale Vergasung von Gärresten der Biogasherstellung, KIT, November 2015 frederic.vogel@psi.ch

19 Salt separator performance Salt separator exit temperature 470 C, 28 MPa, digestate feed Element Recovery by the Concentration salt separator in Feed-DM [%] [mg/g] Phosphorus Potassium Ca, Mg, Fe, Al 74 ± 1 from 4 to 31 ð Good separajon of phosphorus, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al ð Insufficient separajon of potassium (some potassium was found on the catalyst) Source: S. Herbig, E. Hauer, N. Boukis, Sachbericht zum Projekt «EtaMax: Mehr Biogas aus lignozellulosearmen Abfall- und Mikroalgenreststoffen durch kombinierte Bio-/ Hydrothermalvergasung, Teilprojekt 4: Hydrothermale Vergasung von Gärresten der Biogasherstellung, KIT, November 2015 frederic.vogel@psi.ch

20 Pilot plant for HTG process development at PSI Feed capacity: kg/h

21 Pilot plant for HTG process development at PSI To be erected and operated within the Energy Systems IntegraJon Pla`orm at PSI Status: basic engineering almost completed

Technology Roadmap Technology Readiness Level (TRL) TRL 9 TRL 6 TRL 3 TRL 1 0.

1 t/h 1 t/h 3-6 t/h RTTP ESI Pilot DEMO COMMERCIAL 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Pilot plant for the

22 Technology Roadmap Technology Readiness Level (TRL) TRL 9 TRL 6 TRL 3 TRL t/h CONTAINER Assessment (Industry) Assessment (SCCER, with industry involved) Assessment (SCCER) 0.1 t/h 1 t/h 3-6 t/h RTTP ESI Pilot DEMO COMMERCIAL Pilot plant for the hydrothermal gasification of wet biomass with a capacity of kg/h ( kw CH 4 ) frederic.vogel@psi.ch

Recent Book Chapters on HTG Schildhauer,

EdiJon August 2016, 328 Pages, Hardcover, -

23 Recent Book Chapters on HTG Schildhauer, Tilman J. / Biollaz, Serge M. A. (eds.) SyntheJc Natural Gas From Coal, Dry Biomass, and Power- to- Gas ApplicaJons 1. EdiJon August 2016, 328 Pages, Hardcover, - Wiley & Sons Ltd - frederic.vogel@psi.ch

24 Acknowledgement BFE / SNF / CCEM / Axpo Swisselectric Research All my collaborators at PSI and FHNW Hydromethan AG KASAG Langnau AG frederic.vogel@psi.ch

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