Printed Electronics. Introduction Topic Printed Electronics SS2012

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1 Printed Electronics Introduction Topic Printed Electronics SS2012 (Bayern Innovativ: Materialien für die Polymerelektronik, Fürth, Germany, 2008 ) Printed Electronics SS12 Institut für Druckmaschinen und Druckverfahren Hans Martin Sauer

2 Printed Electronics Introduction Topic Printed Electronics SS2012 Dr. rer. nat. Hans Martin Sauer Prof. Dr.-Ing. Edgar Dörsam Technische Universität Darmstadt Institut für Druckmaschinen und Druckverfahren - IDD (Institute of Printing Science and Technology) Magdalenenstraße Darmstadt Germany Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Hofmann Technische Universität Darmstadt Fachgebiet Integrierte Elektronische Systeme - IES Merckstrasse Darmstadt Germany S S1 10, Raum 205 Tel / sauer@idd.tu-darmstadt.de Printed Electronics SS12 Institut für Druckmaschinen und Druckverfahren Hans Martin Sauer Tel / klaus.hofmann@ies.tudarmstadt.de

3 Institute for Printing Science and Technology Institut für Druckmaschinen und Druckverfahren (IDD) Founded in 1953 at Technische Universität Darmstadt (Darmstadt University of Technology) by leading printing press manufacturers. Part of the department of mechanical engineering. Department of mechanical engineering: ~ 530 students per year ~ 35 with focus on printing Institute for Printing Science and source: IDD Technology ~ 33 employees, ~ 23 researchers 3

4 IDD research groups Head of the institute: Prof. Dr.-Ing. E. Dörsam Colorimetry (Dr. P. Urban) We analyze the influence of effect colors and varnishing processes on color and its control. Technology Development (Dr. J. Neumann) We focus on the design and the material laws of viscoelastic contact zones. Printed Functionality (Dr. H. M. Sauer) We advance printing processes for the usage of new materials and the realization of new applications (e. g. Printed Electronics, Bio Sensor Technology). 4

5 Objectives of this lecture Printing as a manufacturing technique for electronics The graphical arts: how printing works, what is specific when we print electronics What are the printing techniques we have to our disposal? How we make an electronic circuit printable: from circuit design to the printing layout Modelling printed electronic circuits vs. solid state circuits Parameters defining printed electronics devices Printable electronics materials: organic semiconductors, conducting inks, dielectrics,. Preparation of printing fluids: Solutions and dispersions Printing as a sequence of physical and chemical processes How do I proceed when I want to print a circuit? 5

6 More lectures and events on printing Einführung in die Druck- und Medientechnik 4 CP Do, 16:15 Uhr Konstruktionsprinzipien im Druckmaschinenbau 4 CP Do, 9:50 Uhr Digitale Drucktechnologie 4 CP Mo, 15:20 Uhr Farbwiedergaben in den Medien 6 CP Mo, 13:30 Uhr und Do, 11:40 Uhr Praktische Farbmessung 4 CP SS 2012 Farbwissenschaft in der Papiertechnik 4 CP SS 2012 Printed Electronics (English) 4 CP SS 2012 Innovation durch Patente 6 CP SS 2012 Digital Color Imaging (English) 4 CP SS 2012 Printing Technology for Electronics (English) 4 CP SS 2012 Forschungsseminar 4 CP jedes Semester Tutorium 4 CP jedes Semester Advanced Design Project 4-8 CP j. n. Absprache Bachelor- und Masterthesis, Studien- und Diplomarbeit jederzeit nach Absprache Exkursionen zu Betrieben der näheren Umgebung werden während des Semesters angeboten 6

7 InnovationLab GmbH, Heidelberg Quelle: PolyIC Reasearch center for printed electronics Heidelberg, Speyerer Str. 4, Nähe HBf Quelle: Designer Eli Hariton Lectures, seminars on printed electronics Quelle: PolyIC Quelle: OnVu 7

8 Printed Electronics Cross-Linking Industry And Research Quelle: Merck KGaA MerckLab TUD/Merck KGaA Research Alliance / Printable Electronics o o Team MerckLab o Researchers from TU Darmstadt and Merck KGaA o Multi-Disciplinary: chemistry, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, material sciences and physics o Joint research at TUD facilities and premises Research aim MerckLab o Developing inorganic composite materials on wet chemical basis for printing high-duty electronic applications o Middle-term: printing field-effect transistor o Long-term: printing complete electronic devices 8

9 Introduction Printed Electronics Topics of the Lecture Printing Electronics SS12 1. What is printing? From graphical arts to functional printing 2. Printed products: graphical and electronical 3. Applications for printed electronics 4. Printing techniques: Gravure, flexo, inkjet, 5. Materials for printed electronics: organic, polymeric, small molecules, inorganic semiconductors 6. How do we make materials (semiconductors) printable: solutions, polymer solutions, dispersions 7. Modelling and design of printed transistor (OFETs) and more complex electronic circuits 8. Fundamentals of printed transistors, layer stack, circuit design and applications 9. Printing an OFET, or 1 10 n OFETs: process sequence, printing parameters, electrical parameters 10. Design and manufacturing of printing forms 11. Printing defects Ü 9

10 Schedule of this lecture Date Lecturer Comment H. M. Sauer Introduction, Applications H. M. Sauer Printing techniques 2.5. H. M. Sauer Materials for p.e K. Hofmann Intro & printed transistors K. Hofmann Printed transistors 23.5 K. Hofmann Circuit design K. Hofmann Applications 6.6. H. M. Sauer Making materials printable (H. M. Sauer) TUD meet & move 20.6 free Lope-C München H. M. Sauer Printing process steps 4.7. H. M. Sauer An OFET process H. M. Sauer Printing forms On appointment K.H./H.M.S. Oral examination 10

11 The first media Transfer of visual information over long distances /times Creating human communities on different scales: P2P, companies, countries, virtual communities, Graphical arts: a feature of human civilisation Social, religious, political, administrative, scientific, economical, educative, entertainment-related applications 11

12 Printing: mechanization of media Texas Univ., Austin Mechanical reproduction of information Standardization, reproducibility, mass production Arts and craftmanship, priviledged ability The amount of stored information per page as quality parameter 12

13 Mechanization of printing the printing form Mass reproduction of information (text, images) using a reusable negative (plate, cylinder, memory) which carries the image information: printing form Conventional printing (large area printing): printing form is a mechanical tool which enables reproduction of information by direct mechanical contact to a substrate Digital printing: virtual printing form is a digital printing memory which controls a device or mechanism who transfers the information to a substrate 13

14 Modern printing plants Quelle: Millennium Press u. Heidelberg Automatization Diversification of media: - new upcoming media and technologies (TV, internet) - continuous competition between different media and technologies Closed business chain: Paper industry printing industry recycling Printing as a manufacturing technique for other industries -> extreme reduction of production costs for media related mass products (= printing) 14

15 Structure and logistics of a printing plant Prepress Printing Postpress Roll-to-Roll process Sheet process Creating the printing form inside the printing press Generating printing forms: mass printing, large area printing Digital printing (inkjet, laser,---) Quelle: manroland 15

16 Printed mass media & industrial printing Source: Bravo Source: Modern printed mass media Printing as an industrial production method: surface finishing, varnishing, laminating, coating, bonding, reshaping, Printing often requires less natural resources, energy as compared to other manufacturing techniques Source: wikipedia 16

17 What is printing? Graphical Printing Printing means the production of printed media, which are appraised or consumed by human beings through their visual sense. Printed media are: Books, journals, newspapers, posters, packaging. from: Brockhaus Encyclopedia Functional Printing The reproduction of patterns by means of transfer of matter (printing ink, printing fluid) to the surface of targets by applying mechanical (printing form), hydrodynamical (inkjet, coatings), or electromagnetic forces. An IDD working hypothesis 17

18 Printed products and 18

19 Applications for printed electronics Technical possibilities Customer s use Economic potential of printed electronics: Added value for esthablished printed products New markets for electronic 19

20 Electroluminescent panels (1) Printed light emitting capacitor (e.g. for Laptop & LCD backlight) Transparent electrode Metal electrode Application of AC voltage Electric field in the dielectric layer (or in an extra luminescent layer) excites luminescence of ZnS particles contained therein. Common driving parameters Voltage: Frequency: 130 V AC (by inverter) 700 Hz Doped ZnS-Particles inside the dielectric layer 20

21 EL panels (2) 4 cm EL-Panel very easy to print Stable under harsh conditions Flexible, can be cutted and folded Needs AC inverter (1 khz, 100 V) Relatively low power efficiency: 1 2 lm/w Capacitor: inverter has to handle much idle power 21

22 Applications: Packaging Advertising and consumer product promotion Design and lifestyle products Security features and anticounterfeiting Backplane illumination for laptops and mobile phones Automotive applications (interior lighting, display lights) Combination with graphical and RFID features Source: Karl Knauer GmbH Printed electroluminescent panel, on cardboard 22

23 Applications: Organic light emitting diode (OLED) Energy efficient lighting Adapted color spectrum Layer thicknesses < 100 nm Printing of lighting devices = integration in other production processes (e.g. car interior lighting, packaging) Source: Uni Bayreuth 23

24 Vision Printed Electronics High efficient wighte OLEDs OLED / EL Lighting Source: Fraunhofer, Philips Source: oe-a 24

25 Bild: Stefan Hengen, HSM Printed Organic field effect transistors (OFET) Flexible substrate with vacuum deposited source and drain contacts (gold) Organic semiconductor layer (50 nm): n- and p-type materials, topand bottom gate architecture available Gate dielectric layer (< 1 µm) Gate electrode For printed logic and storage devices, LCD display driver Typical OFET manufacturing chain Source/Drain manufacturing Printing semiconductor 100 µm Insulator layer idd 2010 Gate InkJet/Sputter 25

26 OFETs for electronic amplifiers and switches DS resistivity: R DS = DU DS /DI DS ~ 75 U GS = -60 V Transconductance: S = DI DS /DU GS ~ 1 µa /50 V = 20 ns Zierke & Hübler, Appl. Phys. Letters 87, (2005) PTAA monomer (n-type) 26

27 A top-gate/bottom-contact OFET printing process encapsulation 100nm Substrate (PET foil) with prestructured (etched) gold contacts for source and drain Apply further features, testing Gate dielectrics semiconductor Source L Drain substrate Cleaning and pretreatment (plasma) drying 1µm 150nm Printing gate and contact bars (flexo, screen, inkjet) drying (130 C, 1 2 min) Printing the gate dielectrics (flexo, gravure) Drying, thermal treatment (120 C, 1 min) Printing the semiconductor Chemical layer (flexo, pretreatment for gravure) gold contacts: SAM 4. November 2011 VskE Verbandstagung 3. bis Institut für Druckmaschinen und Druckverfahren Prof. Dr.-Ing. E. Dörsam 27 27

28 OFET circuits: ring oscillator 2nd NFET acts as current source: I DS ~ const. A > 1 Zierke & Hübler, Appl. Phys. Letters 87, (2005) Operation condition for oscillation: A 7 >= 1 Printed Electronics SS12 für Druckmaschinen und Druckverfahren Hans Martin Sauer <Datum> Institut für Druckmaschinen und Druckverfahren 28

29 Applications: RFID = Radio frequency identification Source: PolyIC Industrial process control Logistic chain control Product surveillance Wireless cash Consumer information system Security features (wireless ticket and access control, anti-counterfeiting) bis hier am

30 Application: Flexible battery Power supply for Active RFID tags LCD / electrochromic displays Medical sensors Source: Varta Microbattery GmbH Mostly, Alkali-manganese technology: MnO 2 / separator / Zn powder between printed metal contacts. 1,5 V per cell Battery cell stacks / arrays for higher voltages Source: Power Paper 30

31 Printed Electronics Components Flexible Battery o o o Application area: o Medical equipment o Smart card o Advertising material o RFID label o Closed sensor application Advantage printed batteries: o Low thickness and size o Easy to process and well capable of being integrated into a product o High flexibility opens new technological approaches o Individual designable o Low costs Characteristics o Realizable nominal voltage: 1,5 Volt o Current: between 1,8 ma and 3,0 ma o Capacitance : 60 mah till 70 mah o Thickness: ~0,6 mm o Weight: 1,5 g o Operating temperature: -10 C till 50 C Quelle: VARTA Microbattery 31

32 Printed Electronics Components Flexible Battery Generation Product description Market General Availability 1 thin flexible battery, life time 1 year, discontinuous use 2 thin flexible battery, life time 1 year, continuous use smart packaging 2009 smart card, smart packaging fully integrated battery RFID, printed label 2012 Quelle: oe-a White Paper Economic parameter o Energy density o Current density o Durability o Cycle number (charging/discharging) without power drop o Stability to deflection o Bending radius Technology parameter o Battery thickness o Ion conductivity / internal resistance o Thermal stability o Gas resistance battery case o Flexibility 32

33 Application: Flexible display tags Printed, programmable LCD, electrochromic or OLED price tags, labels, displays. Security features for bank cards, documents etc. Info displays and driver support systems on car front window and back mirrors Backplanes of LCD displays using printed thin-film-transistor (TFT) arrays backplanes - as pixel drivers ID card with Integrated LCD display Uni Stuttgart 33

34 Printed Electronics Components O-TFT Backplanes o Application area: o Low-end monochrome semi flexible price label o Bendable black/white e-reader o In the future: bendable colored high-resolution e-reader o E-Reader : o Displays similar to paper which to be from a flexible rollable material o Displays feature one frontplane and one backplane o The frontplane contains the visible picture elements for an application o The backplane contains the control electronics. Every picture element is activated with one transistor, who is part of the activation matrix Quelle: Plastic Logic 34

35 Application: Organic photovoltaic (OPV) Cost efficient energy source Applying electric functionality to flexible products (e.g. clothes) Transparent solar cells applicable on windows in buildings and cars 35

36 Solar cells: electric characteristics ~ 0.5 V per cell ~ lx Power efficiency: ~ % (Si) ~ 2 6 % (organic) 36

37 Printed Electronics Components Organic Solar Cells o o o o o Organic solar cells compared with silicon solar cells distinguish in thickness, weight, flexibility, and have the potential of lower large scale production costs There active layer thickness without substrate be about 200 nm Organic solar cells yield maybe in close future foldable charger for mobile phones or environment-friendly and cheap current on car roofs, or in textiles It is the middle-term aim at the building industry, to make extensive use of organic solar cells as thin photoactive layer on roofs of buildings At present avoid the global introduction on the market of organic solar cells their low efficiency from 5.4% (silicon solar cells about 15%) as well as their low lifetime source: Konarka 37

38 Vision Printed Electronics Printed photovoltaics Large-area, low-weight, flexible, suitable as mass production.. and cheap 1 ) 1 ) cheap = may cost billions of $, but yields a high benefit for the customer Source: Konarka 38

39 Vision Printed Electronics Displays flexible, low weight and cheap Source: FUJITSU Source: SONY 39

40 Vision Printed Electronics Printing electronics is much more than the exclusive printing process of electronic components and devices!! Example RFID Source: Siemens AG Chemistry Electrotechnology Printing technology Source: PolyIC Source: PolyIC Source: PolyIC 40

41 Printed Electronics Components o Sensors Devices who identify special physical or chemical properties, materials or substances: hazardous radiation, environmental toxins (CO, NO x ), blood sugar, sensitizing agents, o o o o The respective property / substance is transformed into a processable, mostly electrical signal Organic and inorganic sensors can be a part of a system that enclose other detectors, signal transformers, processors, memory chips and actuators Realization of active and passive organic sensors possible Application area organic sensors o Temperature, pressure, o Medical applications, o Nutrition safety o Environmental surveillance o Multifunctional sensor arrays Quelle: Plastic Electronic 41

42 Printed Electronics Components Sensors Generation Market General Availability 1 strain sensor strain sensor array photodiode, pressure sensor, amerometic sensor photodiode array, temperature sensor potenziometric sensor, tempertature sensor array, amperometric sensor array potenziometric sensor array organic sensor with analog frontend intelligent organic sensor 2021 Economic parameter o Reproducibility o Precission Technology parameter o Material characteristic o Film thickness o Integrability with other functions Quelle: oe-a White Paper 42

43 Silicon Electronics Versus Printed Electronics Source: Source: o o high integration high performance o o low integration low performance o o high cost of production low flexibility o o low cost of production high flexibility 43

44 Introduction Topic Printed Electronics Technical revolution at the last 100 years in the field electrotechnology o Vacuum diode tube: 1906 by Lee De Forest o Solid state transistor: 1947 byjohn Bardeen and Walter Brattain (Bell Telephone Laboratories) o Integrated circuit: 1958 by Jack Kilby 44

45 Polymer vs. Si: The charge carrier mobility challenge E v Charge carrier mobility of semiconductors v E v : Drift velocity of electrons/holes in the semiconductor E : Applied electric field amorphous polycrystalline crystalline silicon Mobility + OFET layout determine device performance (operation speed, output power, efficiency) and possible applications Mobility in cm²/vs amorphous polycrystalline molecule materials films crystals Organic semiconductors Mobility depends on: - Material properties (molecular structure) - Layer morphology (crystalline vs. amorphous layers, surface homogeneity) - Process properties (contamination, reproducibility) 45

46 Polymer vs. Silicon based electronics Silicon-based electronics: High mobility (~ 1000 cm 2 /Vs) High performance (speed, power) High degree of integration (10 8 FETs / cm 2 ) Complex chip/environment interfaces limit range of applications Typical applications: - Very large scale integrated devices: chips. - Microprocessors - RF communication - Power apps. Polymer electronics Small mobility ( cm 2 /Vs) Low performance Low degree of integration ( FETs / cm 2 ) Low power consumption Very flexible interfaces to environment Applications: Low cost, added value by easy integration into complex manufacturing processes Typical applications: - Large area interfaces: OPV, Lighting - Single use apps (medical sensors) - Identification systems for mass products - Added value to consumer products Si based and polymer electronics have different applications The technologies are complementary rather than competing 46

47 Printed Electronics Components O-TFT Backplanes Generation Product description Market General Availability 1 price label display, with organic devices in the backplanes, B&W, VGA retail B&W flexible e-reader with 4-bit grey-scale, A5, VGA consumer electronics color elektrophoretic e-reader, A4, limited refresh rate, some flexibility, UXGA &RGB, 4-bit 4 color elektrophoretic e-reader, A4, limited refresh rate, some flexibility, QXGA &WRGB, 8-bit 5 rollable full color OLED video display, A5, for mobile electronics, XGA consumer electronics 2013 consumer electronics 2015 communication 2014 Economic parameter o Flexibility O-TFT long term stability o Durability label, e-reader, OLED o size of display backplane o Pixel number o Production costs o Energy density o Frame refresh rate Technology parameter o On current o On/Off ratio o Gate voltage o Threshold voltage stability o Bending radius o D/S channel length Quelle: oe-a White Paper 47

48 Printed Electronics Components RFIDs Generation Product description Market General Availability bit ROM Brand Protection bit ROM Ticketing bit ROM Automation bit ROM Internal Logistics bit WORM General Logistics Printed EPC HF Retail Item Level Printed EPC UHF Retail Logistics 2024 Economic parameter o Memory capacity o Non-contacting reading distance o RF - frequency o Price per tag o Write and reading time o Simultaneously readable number tags Technology parameter o FET charge carrier mobility o resolution o Number of transistors o Switching frequency o Rectifier cut-off frequency / Efficiency o Energy recovery Quelle: oe-a White Paper 48

49 Economic Potential Potential market volume Printed Electronics for 2009 Study IDTechEx Ltd E-paper displays; $ 80 million Sensors; $ 110 million Inorganic Others (Transistor, Electroluminescent Batterie, etc) displays; $ 63 million $ 60 million Other inks; $ 400 million OLED; $ 800 million Photovolatics; $ 407 million Source: IDTechEx Ltd 49

50 Functional printing a sequence of process steps Oral examination Ink transfer Layer formation Printed electronics Printing form & substrate 50

51 Printing press fundamentals and definitions Printing machines: what they (are supposed to) do Principal design of printing machines Important parameters for printing Creating half tones controling printed layer thicknesses 51

52 The tasks of a printing machine Transport and feeding of substrate material (from a roll or a sheet stack) Preconditioning of the printing fluid in the reservoir (temperature, homogeneity, replacement of evaporated solvents) Acceleration of the printing fluid from the reservoir to substrate velocity Dosage of the printing fluid Positioning of the printing fluid on the substrate according to the information in the printing memory (printing form) Transfer of the printing fluid to the substrate Drying of the printed liquid patterns on the substrate Deposition of the printed products (on a roll or a stack) 52

53 Important parameters in functional printing: Layer thickness Thickness of the printed electronic layers determined by the material: Organic semiconductors: charge accumulation layer: 1 10 nm, mostly unknown! Charge carrier recombination length (OLED): nm Conductive layer: ohmic resistivity should not cause a signivicant voltage loss in the specific application. Dielectrics: should be save against electric breakthrough Printed battery materials: layer thickness of electrodes / depolarisation layer determines battery capacity. But: you can t directly print liquid layers in the nm range for mechanical an thermodynamical reasons! Layer Thickness (typical) Graphical inks 1 2 µm OFET semiconductor layer OFET dielectrics Source/drain contacts (metal) Current bars (solar cells) OLED emitting layers nm 0,4 1 µm nm 2 50 µm nm 53

54 The fundamental maths of thin-film printing Functional printing inks are mostly a solvent-solute composition Solvent: toluene Solute: organic semiconductor (e.g. P3HT) Thickness of wet printed film ~ 0,3 3 (- 30) µm Thickness of the solid layer controled by solute concentration Preconditions: Homogeneous solute deposition on the substrate Capillary forces in the wet film sufficient for surface leveling Example Fluid concentration Printed liquid layer thickness Layer thickness after solvent evaporation C solution 1 Vol.-% D print 1,0 µm D solid 10 nm 54

55 Principal design of printing machines A typical 4-color offset sheet fed printing press Sheet reservoir Ink rolers Ink reservoir printing unit printing cylinder, printing form Transfer cylinder Deposition stack Quelle: MAN Roland Impression cylinder 55

56 Printing half tones controling the layer thickness (1) Most printing techniques can only achieve one specific thickness of the printed layer at a time. Exceptions: Gravure and Inkjet printing. Thus, there are only 2 colors per printing unit: white and full tone (black). Even with 7 colors and 7 printing units a realistic reproduction of colored images is not possible. 56

57 Printing half tones controling the layer thickness (2) Raster printing: on length scales wich cannot be resolved by the human eye, a rastered picture is printed. The ratio of printing to non-printing parts of the raster corresponds to the required strength of the color 57

58 Printing half tones controling the layer thickness (3) Raster printing Printing of real half tones The pixel size of the raster determines the strengths of each color in the printed image Continuous variation of the layer thikness by gravure and inkjet printing (virtually) 58

59 Printing half tones reconstruction complex color patterns Color separation: The printing image has to be decomposed to 4 (or more) process colors: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Karbon(black) Rastering for each process color according to the desired color strength Sequential ink transfer of the process colors to the substrate by independent printing units Register definition for each of the partial images.: precise lateral positioning relative to each other required. Register = maximum tolerance of lateral positioning ( µm typ.) The register also determines the lateral shift in printed electronic layer stacks, and has to be known when for circuit design. Quelle: International Paper: Der kleine Liebling Print. 18. Auflage,

60 Printing multilayers Register definition: there are usually markers (= specific graphical positioning features) to be added to the layout: crosses, angles, specific patterns for camera positioning systems. If you use separate process steps / printing machines for each layer, there may be several groups of markers. In graphical printed products the markers are usually situated outside / at the border of the printing image, and are cut off in the postpress process. Frequent reasons for register problems: - Mechanical problems inside the priinting units: uneven printing force, slippage - Incorrect position of the printing form (flexo) - Swelling and thermal expansion of the substrate or the printing form - Mechanical stress in the substrate (R2R) - Relaxation of internal stresses of cold-drawn foils (drying of PET at elevated temperature) 60

61 Printed products magnified A closer examination of an offset printed reproduction of Michelangelos famous Adam s Creation, Sixtinian chapel, Rome, reveals: Source: Fineart China Graphical printing: Gray shades and colors are created from 4 colors (CMYK) by ink dots of adequate screening, density and size, or by toner particles. Functional printing: Electronic devices require thin and homogeneous layers, with a shape predefined by the device layout. 61

62 Graphical vs. functional printing Graphical printing (gravure): - Colored areas are composed of isolated ink pixels - Diameter ~ 100 µm, thickness ~ 4µm idd 2010 idd 2010 Functional printing: - Printing of diluted solutions of organic semiconductors, e.g. 1 % P3HT in toluene - OLED emitter layer on PET - Homogeneity of layer thickness (30 +/- 5 nm) - Smooth surfaces (nm range) 62

63 Printing techniques - substrate formats Sheet-to-Sheet Roll-to-Roll Shaped parts 63

64 Printing techniques - substrate media (materials) paper card board paper board plastics textiles metal glass leather Si wafer wood 64

65 Printed products Journal printing (Zeitungsdruck) Letterpress (Buchdruck) Job printing (Akzidenzdruck) Stamp printing (Wertzeichendruck) Label / package printing (Etikettendruck) 65

66 Printed products - markets Sheet to sheet Roll to roll, with drying unit Roll to roll, without drying unit produced by a publishing company Advertising Packaging Quelle: manroland 66