Mundflora des Menschen Hintergrundinformation zum Präparationsabend in der MGW 2014

Transkript

1 Mundflora des Menschen Hintergrundinformation zum Präparationsabend in der MGW 2014 Präparate: Abstrich von Zahnplaque Ausstrich von Lactobazillus casei (aus Medikamentenkapsel)

2 Einleitung... GI tract: Mikroorganismen ca. 6x Zellen im menschl. Körper Microbial ecosystem in the oral cavity: Metabolic diversity in an ecological niche and ist relationship with oral diseases Nobuhiro Takahashi * International Congress Series 1284 (2005) Historischer Rückblick

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4 Historischer Rückblick 1873: Mycobacterium leprae durch Gerhard Armauer Hansen 1876: Bacillus anthracis durch Robert Koch 1877: Clostridium septicum durch Louis Pasteur, Jules Joubert 1879: Neisseria gonorrhoeae durch Albert Neisser 1880: Salmonella typhi durch Karl Joseph Eberth, Erysipelothrix muriseptica durch Robert Koch

5 1882: Mycobacterium tuberculosis durch Robert Koch Streptococcus pyogenes durch Friedrich Fehleisen 1883: Vibrio cholerae durch Robert Koch, Corynebacterium xerosis durch Albert Neisser und S. Kuschbert 1884: Corynebacterium diphtheriae durch F. Loeffler und Clostridium tetani durch Arthur Nicolaier 1886: Streptococcus pneumoniae (Syn. Diplococcus p.) durch Albert Fraenkel ( ) und Anton Weichselbaum, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae durch F. Loeffler 1887: Neisseria meningitidis durch Anton Weichselbaum, Corynebacterium pseudodiphthericum durch Franz Adolf Hofmann, Streptococcus agalactiae durch E. Nocard und H. Mollereau 1888: Salmonella enteritidis durch August Gärtner 1891: Salmonella typhimurium durch Friedrich Loeffler Clostridium botulinum durch Emile van Ermengem 1897: Propionibacterium acnes (Syn. Corynebacterium acnes) durch Raymond Sabouraud 1898: Shigella dysenteriae durch Kiyoshi Shiga, Mycoplasma durch E. Nocard, Émile Roux 1900: Salmonella paratyphi B durch Hugo Schottmüllr, Shigella flexneri (Syn. S. paradysenteriae B) durch Simon Flexner und Richard Pearson Strong Shigella boydii durch Boyd 1903: Enterococcus faecalis (Syn. Streptococcus f.) durch Theodor Escherich 1905: Treponema pallidum durch Fritz Schaudinn, Erich Hoffmann, Treponema pertenue durch Aldo Castellani 1907: Chlamydia trachomatis durch Ludwig Halberstaedter und Stanislaus von Prowazek 1983: Helicobacter pylori durch Barry Marshall und John Robin Warren

6 Gram Färbung Färben: Im ersten Schritt färbt man mit einer Lösung von Gentianaviolett mit Zusatz von 15 g/l Phenol, sogenanntem Karbol-Gentianaviolett. Hierbei werden alle Bakterien, grampositive wie gramnegative, gefärbt. Bei der nachfolgenden Behandlung mit Lugolscher Lösung werden größere Farbstoff-Komplexe gebildet, alle Bakterien erscheinen dunkelblau. Entfärben ( Differenzieren ): Im zweiten Schritt erfolgt eine Behandlung mit 96 %igem Ethanol. Dabei verhalten sich grampositive und gramnegative Bakterien verschieden: gramnegative Bakterien werden wieder entfärbt, während die blauen Farbstoffkomplexe aus grampositiven Bakterien mit dem Alkohol nicht ausgewaschen werden können. Gegenfärben: Zur Darstellung der gramnegativen Bakterien können diese abschließend mit verdünnter Fuchsinlösung (eine Lösung von Fuchsin mit Phenol in etwa 1/10 der üblichen Konzentrationen von Karbolfuchsin ) oder Safraninlösung gegengefärbt werden, worauf sie rot beziehungsweise rotorange erscheinen. C. Gram: Über die isolirte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt- und Trockenpräparaten. In: Fortschritte der Medicin. Vol. 2, 1884, S

7 1. grampositive Zellwand gramnegative Zellwand 3. Peptidoglycan (Murein) 4. Plasmamembran 5. Zytoplasma 6. Periplasmatischer Raum, bei grampos. Bakterien die inner wall zone (IWZ) äußere Membran

8 Mundflora... JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 2005, p Vol. 43, No /05/$ doi: /jcm Copyright 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Defining the Normal Bacterial Flora of the Oral Cavity Jørn A. Aas,1,2* Bruce J. Paster,1,3 Lauren N. Stokes,1 Ingar Olsen,2 and Floyd E. Dewhirst1,3 Department of Molecular Genetics, The Forsyth Institute,1 and Faculty of Dentistry,2 University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and Department of Oral and Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts3 Received 10 June 2005/Returned for modification 2 August 2005/Accepted 12 August 2005

9 The Normal Bacterial Flora of Humans Kenneth Todar, PhD Pyrosequencing Analysis of the Oral Microflora of Healthy AdultsB.J.F. Keijser1, E. Zaura2, S.M. Huse3, J.M.B.M. van der Vossen1, F.H.J. Schuren1, R.C. Montijn1, J.M. ten Cate2, and W. Crielaard2* 1TNO Quality of Life, Business Unit Food and Biotechnology Innovations, Microbial Genomics Group, Zeist, The Netherlands; 2Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU Amsterdam, Louwesweg 1, 1066 EA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and 3Josephine Bay Paul Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA; *corresponding author,

10 Gram positiv Staphylokokken Streptokokken Actinomyceten Lactobacillus Corynebacterium Anaeobier: Eubacterium, Propionibacterium, Bifidobacterium Rothia Gram negativ Bacteroidaceae: Fusobacterien, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Bacteroides Haemophilus Spirochäten Neisserien Veilonella Actinobacillus Gemella Capnocytophaga Eikenella Gram positiv

11 Staphylokokken 30 Spezies; 1μm DM Gram pos. unbewegliche Mikrokokken Fakultativ anaerob S. aureus S. epidermidis S. saprophyticus

12 Orale Streptokokken

13 S. mutans S. sangius S. mitis S. salivarius S. anginosus Orale Streptokokken Ketten oder Diplokokken, unbeweglich, sporenlos 1μm DM; fakultativ anaeron (aerotolerant) Bilden aus Kohlehydrate Milchsäure (Lactat) 50-70% der Endokarditiden Karies

14 Exkurs: Pyogene Streptokokken S. Pyogenes (A Streptokokken) S. agalactiae (B-Streptokokken) S. pneumoniae (Pneumokokken): meist Diplokokken + Kapsel: wohnt in SH des oberen Respirationstraktes: Pneumonie; Otitis media; Sinusitis; Meningitis

15 Peptostreptokokken Anaerob, gram pos. Kokken Karies; Peridontitis P. anaerobius P. asaccharolyticus P. harei P. hydrogenalis P. indoliticus P. ivorii P. lacrimalis P. lactolyticus P. magnus P. micros P. octavius P. prevotii P. tetradius P. vaginalis Actinomyces Pleomorphe, verzweigte grampos. Stäbchen mit Knäuelbildung Früher als Pilz aufgefasst; nicht sporenbildend Fakultativer Anaerobier flexibler Stoffwechsel Produziert Säuren nach Kohlenhydrataufnahme Bis 50 μm lang A. israelii -> Zahnplaque; Abszesse in Mundhöhle A. naeslundii -> Zahnplaque: Karies; Gingivitis Infektionen als Mischinfektion möglich mit Anaerobier wie Actinobacillus actinomycetemconcomitans oder mit fakultativ anaerobier wie Staphylokokken, Streptokokken; A. odontolyticus A. georgiae

16 The Normal Bacterial Flora of Humans Kenneth Todar, PhD Nach Kohlenbrander et al 2002

17 Actinomyzeten aus Gingiva-Plaque: 1000x

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19 Lactobacillus Lactobacillus casei ist ein stäbchenförmiges grampositives Bakterium. Es gehört zu den kleineren Lactobacillus-Arten und wächst in Form kürzerer oder längerer Stäbchen mit meist abgerundeten Ecken und einer Größe von durchschnittlich 0,9 µm Durchmesser und 2 µm Länge. Sie liegen meist einzeln oder in Paaren, seltener in kurzen Ketten vor.[1] Das Wachstumsoptimum liegt bei etwa 30 C, ob Wachstum bei 15 und 45 C möglich ist, wird von verschiedenen Autoren unterschiedlich angegeben. Das Wachstum in Milch ist sehr langsam, die proteolytische Aktivität hoch und durch homofermentative Milchsäuregärung können bis zu 1,5 % Milchsäure gebildet werden. Hierbei wird ein Gemisch aus L- und D- Milchsäure mit deutlich vorherrschendem Anteil der L-Form erzeugt.[2] Sie können viele Kohlenhydrate, darunter Melezitose, aber nicht Melibiose und Xylose abbauen. Gluconat aber nicht Glukose kann unter Gasproduktion zu Milchsäure vergoren werden Lactobacillus acidophilus ist ein mittellanges, fakultativ anaerobes, grampositives Stäbchen mit abgerundeten Enden, das einzeln, in Paaren oder kurzen Ketten vorkommt. Es wächst auch in saurer Umgebung (ph 4 5 und tiefer) und bei Temperaturen bis 45 Grad Celsius. Durch Hitze und Sonneneinstrahlung wird das Bakterium abgetötet. Das Bakterium ist Katalase-negativ und Oxidase-negativ. L. acidophilus kommt in verschiedenen Lebensmitteln, wie Milch, Getreide, Fleisch und Fisch vor. Innerhalb des Menschen besiedelt L. acidophilus den Mund, den Verdauungstrakt und die Vagina bzw. beim Mann das unverhornte Plattenepithel der Fossa navicularis, den erweiterten Bereich kurz vor der Harnröhrenöffnung. Im Allgemeinen vergärt das Bakterium homofermentativ Laktose zu Milchsäure. Einige heterofermentative Stämme können Ethanol, Kohlendioxid und Essigsäure produzieren Verschiedene Arten von Lactobacillus bilden die sogenannte Döderlein-Bakterien oder Döderleinsche Stäbchen. Die Döderlein- Bakterien sind ein Teil der natürlichen Scheidenflora der Frau. Durch die Gärung erzeugen die Bakterien in der Scheide eine saure Umgebung und schützen so die Scheide vor anderen, krankheitserregenden Bakterien, die einen niedrigen ph-wert nicht tolerieren. Zu den bei verschiedenen Untersuchungen am häufigsten bestimmten Arten[15][16] zählen Lactobacillus crispatus, L. iners, L. gasseri und L. jensenii. Früher wurde Lactobacillus acidophilus als dominierende Art in der Scheidenflora von gesunden Frauen bestimmt wikipedia Figure 5. A Lactobacillus species, possibly Doderlein's bacillus, in association with a vaginal epithelial cell The Normal Bacterial Flora of Humans Kenneth Todar, PhD

20 Lactobacillus casei Lactobacillus casei

21 Corynebakterien Polymorphe, keulenförmige Stäbchen Grampositiv C. matruchotii C. durum Bestandteil von Plaque Fraglich pathogen Anarobe Gram-positive Stäbchen Eubacterium Pleomorphic rods or filaments, -> caries & periodontal disease 50% of anaerobes of periodontal pockets E. yurii; E. brachy; E. timidum; E. nodatum Propionibacterium Strict anaerobic bacilli (root surface caries & plaque) P. acnes;

22 JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1987, p /87/ $02.00/0 Copyright 1987, American Society for Microbiology Vol. 25, No. 8 Characteristics and Sites of Infection of Eubacterium nodatum, Eubacterium timidum, Eubacterium brachy, and OtherAsaccharolytic Eubacteria GALE B. HILL,',2'3* OUIDA M. AYERS,l AND ALFREDA P. KOHAN3 Obstetric and Gynecologic Anaerobic Microbiology Research Laboratory,' Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,2 and Anaerobe Section, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory,3 Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Received 17 December 1986/Accepted 14 May 1987 Eubacterium nodatum bacterioweb.univ-fcomte.fr

23 Propionibacterium acnes ist ein gram-positives kurzes, stäbchenförmiges Bakterium, auch ellipsoide Zellformen kommen vor. Eine einzelne Zelle ist 0,4 0,5 µm (Mikrometer) breit und 0,8 0,9 µm lang.[1] Im lichtmikroskopischen Bild finden sich meist paarweise angeordnete Zellen, die nicht direkt hintereinander liegen, sondern in einem Winkel. Dies führt bei weiteren Zellteilungen zur Ausbildung von V- oder Y-förmigen Ketten.[2] Das Bakterium besitzt keine Flagellen zur aktiven Bewegung und kann keine Überdauerungsformen wie Endosporen bilden (wikipedia) Propionibacterium acnes

24 Rothia R. mucilaginosa R. dentocariosa Gram pos. Kokken

25 Rothia dentocariosa is a species of gram-positive, round- to rod-shaped bacteria that is part of the normal community of microbes residing in the mouth and respiratory tract. First isolated from dental caries, Rothia dentocariosa is largely benign, but does very rarely cause disease. The most common Rothia infection is endocarditis, typically in people with underlying heart valve disorders.[1] Literature case reports show other tissues that are rarely infected include the peritoneum,[2] tonsils,[3] lung,[1] cornea,[4] inner layers of the eye (Endophthalmitis)[5] and brain and intercranial tissues.[1] It has been implicated in periodontal disease, and one hypothesis is that Rothia periodontal disease, or dental procedures in turn, may be first steps in the infection of other tissues.[1] One case reports on a fatal Rothia dentocariosa infection of a fetus in utero.[6] Another reports the bacterium was responsible for septic arthritis in the knee of a person treated with etanercept for rheumatoid arthritis.[7] Like other Rothia infections reported in the literature, once the cause of infection was identified, this responded fully to treatment with antibiotics. Rothia infections may be treated with penicillins, erythromycin, cefazolin, rifampin, aminoglycoside, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.[1] Variable or pleomorphic in shape and similar to Actinomyces and Nocardia, Rothia was only defined as a genus in 1967.[1] Rothia dentocariosa, like several other species of oral bacteria, is able to reduce nitrate to nitrite, and one study found it in 3% of isolates of nitratereducing bacteria from the mouth (wikipedia) Granulicatella G. elegans G. adiacens Pleomorphe gram pos. Kokken (früher Satelittenstreptokokken um Staphylokokken) Endokarditiserreger

26 synapse.koreamed.org Gram stain of Granulicatella adiacens isolated from the case

27 Abiotrophia defectiva Pleomorphe gram pos. Kokken Satelittenstreptokokken J. Clin. Microbiol. May 1999 vol. 37 no Abiotrophia Species as a Cause of Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Extraction Hassan Namdari1,2,3,*, Kathleen Kintner2, Barbara A. Jackson3, Surena Namdari1, Joan L. Hughes1, Randall R. Peairs3, and Donald J. Savage

28 Gram negativ Neisserien Gramnegative, paarige, aerobe Kokken N. subflava N. polysaccharea N. baciliformis N. mucosa N. elongata Rolle in der Plaqueentstehung? This photomicrograph reveals the presence of the Gram-negative bacteria, Neisseria subflava.by: CDC/ Dr. W. A. Clark, Courtesy: Public Health Image Library Views: 308 Downloads: 0

29 Neisseria meningitidis. Gram stain. The Normal Bacterial Flora of Humans Kenneth Todar, PhD Spirochäten Treponema: gram neg: T. denticola, T. macrodentium: Strict anaerobes -> Gingivitis, Perodontitis Nach Kohlenbrander et al 2002

30 Bacteroidaceae Obligat, anaerobe, gram neg. pleomorphe Stäbchen, nicht sporenbildend Porphyromonas gingivalis Prevotella Fusobacterium Bacteroides Tanerella Porphyromonas gingivalis Gram neg. Anaerobier mit Fimbrien Parodontitiskeim P. gingivalis, P. endodontalis; P. asacharolytica (pleomorphic Stäbchen) Adhärent an initilae Plaqueorganismen wie Streptokokken oder Actinomyceten Periodontitis, dentoalveolarer Abszess

31 Prevotella P. intermedia, P. melaninogenica (pleomorphic rods); P. nigrescens; P. oris Strikt anaerob, gram negativ Auch Bestandteil der Vaginalflora Zahnplaque, -> chronische periodontitis, dentoalveolar abszess Prevotella melaninogenica, Gram stain: A gram negative coccobacillus

32 Fusobacterien Fusobacterium nucleatum Strikt anaerob; nicht sporenbildend, Gram neg. -> akute ulcerative Gingivitis -> dentoalveolar Abszess

33 Gram-negative stained culture of F. nucleatum. Image Courtesy of J. Michael Miller, Ph.D.,(D)ABMM of National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases. Picture submitted by him to American Society for Microbiology Long, pointy Gram-negative rods typical of Fusobacterium nucleatum

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36 Infect Immun October; 57(10): PMCID: PMC260789Coaggregation of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Selenomonas flueggei, Selenomonas infelix, Selenomonas noxia, and Selenomonas sputigena with strains from 11 genera of oral bacteria. P E Kolenbrander, R N Andersen, and L V Moore Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Maryland Author information Copyright and License information Copyright notice This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Twenty-eight strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum and 41 Selenomonas strains, including S. sputigena (24 strains), S. flueggei (10 strains), S. infelix (5 strains), and S. noxia (2 strains), were tested for their ability to coaggregate with each other and with 49 other strains of oral bacteria representing Actinobacillus, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Capnocytophaga, Gemella, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, Propionibacterium, Rothia, Streptococcus, and Veillonella species. Selenomonads coaggregated with fusobacteria and with Actinomyces naeslundii PK984 but not with any of the other bacteria, including other selenomonads. In contrast, fusobacteria coaggregated with members of all genera, although not with all strains of each species tested. Each fusobacterium strain appeared to have its own set of partners and coaggregation properties, unlike their partners, whose coaggregation properties in earlier surveys delineated distinct coaggregation groups. Coaggregations of fusobacteria with the 63 gram-negative strains were usually inhibited by EDTA, whereas those with the 27 gram-positive strains were usually not inhibited. Likewise, lactose-inhibitable coaggregations were common among some strains of fusobacteria and some strains from each of the genera containing gram-negative partners but were rarely observed with gram-positive partners. Heating the fusobacteria at 85 degrees C for 30 min completely prevented coaggregation with most partners, suggesting the involvement of a protein on the fusobacteria. Heat treatment of many of the gram-negative partners not only enhanced their coaggregation with the fusobacteria but also changed lactose-sensitive coaggregations to lactose-insensitive coaggregations. Although fusobacteria coaggregated with a broader variety of oral partner strains than any other group of oral bacteria tested to date, each fusobacterium exhibited coaggregation with only a certain set of partner strains, and none of the fusobacteria adhered to other strains of fusobacteria, indicating that recognition of partner cell surfaces is selective. The strains of F. nucleatum are heterogeneous and cannot be clustered into distinct coaggregation groups. Collectively, these results indicate that coaggregation between fusobacteria and many gramnegative partners is significantly different from their coaggregation with gram-positive partners. The contrasting variety of partners for fusobacteria and selenomonads supports the concept of coaggregation partner specificity that has been observed with every genus of oral bacteria so far examined Eikenella Eikenella corrodens: unbeweglich, kokkoides Kurzstäbchen E. corrodens (coccobacilli): plaque -> dentoalveolar Abszess, chronische Periodontitis, Endocarditis Easow JM, Joseph NM, Tuladhar R, Shivananda P G. Empyema caused by Eikenella corrodens. J Global Infect Dis [serial online] 2011 [cited 2014 Oct 5];3: Available from:

37 Nach Kohlenbrander et al 2002

38 Veillonella Gram neg. Anaerobe Kokken Verwertet Lactat zu Acetat V. atypica: lebt v.a. in Zungen SH V. parvula

39 Haemophilus Haemophilus parainfluenzae: gram neg. coccobazilli Facultative anaerobes (plaque, saliva & mucosal surfaces) -> acute bacterial epiglottitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, meningitis

40 Actinobacillus (Aggregatibacter) Gram neg, fakult. Anaerobier; nicht sporenbildend, unbeweglich A. actinomycetemcomitans (coccobacilli) subgingivale Plaque, Periodontitis Begleitkeim von Aktinomykosen

41 Capnocytophaga lange dünne fusiforme Stäbchen, gram neg. CO 2 -abhängig, fakult. anaerob C. gingivalis, C, sputigena; C. ochraceae Peridontitis Die Arten Capnocytophaga gingivalis, C. ochracea, C. sputigena, C. granulosa und C. haemolytica kommen in der Mundflora des Menschen vor, Capnocytophaga canimorsus und C. cynodegmi in der Mundflora von Hunden und Katzen. xt&pid=s

42 Moraxellaceae Moraxella (Brabhamella) catharalis Kingella: K. dentificans Plumpe, kokkoide, gram neg. Kurzstäbchen, aerob Kingella kingae

43 Veillonellaceae: Selenomonas S. sputigena S. infelix S. flueggei Gram neg.

44 Infect Immun October; 57(10): PMCID: PMC260789Coaggregation of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Selenomonas flueggei, Selenomonas infelix, Selenomonas noxia, and Selenomonas sputigena with strains from 11 genera of oral bacteria. P E Kolenbrander, R N Andersen, and L V Moore Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Maryland Author information Copyright and License information Copyright notice This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Twenty-eight strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum and 41 Selenomonas strains, including S. sputigena (24 strains), S. flueggei (10 strains), S. infelix (5 strains), and S. noxia (2 strains), were tested for their ability to coaggregate with each other and with 49 other strains of oral bacteria representing Actinobacillus, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Capnocytophaga, Gemella, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, Propionibacterium, Rothia, Streptococcus, and Veillonella species. Selenomonads coaggregated with fusobacteria and with Actinomyces naeslundii PK984 but not with any of the other bacteria, including other selenomonads. In contrast, fusobacteria coaggregated with members of all genera, although not with all strains of each species tested. Each fusobacterium strain appeared to have its own set of partners and coaggregation properties, unlike their partners, whose coaggregation properties in earlier surveys delineated distinct coaggregation groups. Coaggregations of fusobacteria with the 63 gram-negative strains were usually inhibited by EDTA, whereas those with the 27 gram-positive strains were usually not inhibited. Likewise, lactose-inhibitable coaggregations were common among some strains of fusobacteria and some strains from each of the genera containing gram-negative partners but were rarely observed with gram-positive partners. Heating the fusobacteria at 85 degrees C for 30 min completely prevented coaggregation with most partners, suggesting the involvement of a protein on the fusobacteria. Heat treatment of many of the gram-negative partners not only enhanced their coaggregation with the fusobacteria but also changed lactose-sensitive coaggregations to lactose-insensitive coaggregations. Although fusobacteria coaggregated with a broader variety of oral partner strains than any other group of oral bacteria tested to date, each fusobacterium exhibited coaggregation with only a certain set of partner strains, and none of the fusobacteria adhered to other strains of fusobacteria, indicating that recognition of partner cell surfaces is selective. The strains of F. nucleatum are heterogeneous and cannot be clustered into distinct coaggregation groups. Collectively, these results indicate that coaggregation between fusobacteria and many gramnegative partners is significantly different from their coaggregation with gram-positive partners. The contrasting variety of partners for fusobacteria and selenomonads supports the concept of coaggregation partner specificity that has been observed with every genus of oral bacteria so far examined

45 Campylobacter C. showae (1993) C. gracilis C. curvus C. concisus Oxidativer Energiestoffwechsel ( Nitrat-Atmer ) Die Zellgröße liegt im Bereich von 0,2 0,8 0,5 5 Mikrometer. Sie sind entweder mit jeweils einer einzelnen Geißel unipolar an einem Ende oder bipolar an beiden Enden der Zelle begeißelt. Die Zellen können sich im Laufe der Kultur von korkenzieherförmig zu kokkenförmig ändern. Die meisten Arten von Campylobacter sind Katalase- und Oxidase-positiv, zu den Katalase-negativen zählen beispielsweise C. sputorum, C. concisus, C. mucosalis und C. helveticus. Die medizinisch wichtigen C. fetus subsp. fetus, C. coli, C. jejun subsp. jejuni sind Katalase-positiv (wikipedia) Int J Syst Bacteriol Oct;43(4): Campylobacter showae sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity. Etoh Y, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ, Yamamoto A, Goto N. Author information Department of Oral Microbiology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan. Abstract Nine Campylobacter-like strains were isolated from human gingival crevices and characterized. These strains were gram-negative, straight rods that were motile by means of multiple unipolar flagella. They were asaccharolytic and preferred an anaerobic atmosphere rather than a microaerophilic atmosphere for growth, and their growth was stimulated by formate and fumarate. These strains were biochemically similar to Campylobacter curvus and Campylobacter rectus, but were clearly distinguishable from these organisms by the number of flagella (two to five flagella at one end of the cell), by being catalase positive, by their whole-cell protein profiles, by their Western blot (immunoblot) patterns, and on the basis of DNA-DNA homology data. They could also be differentiated from the other species of the genus Campylobacter. The nine Campylobacter-like strains were compared with two strains (FDC 286 and VPI 10279) representing a previously described but unnamed Wolinella sp. The nine isolates and strains FDC 286 and VPI were found to be members of a single species. The 16S rrna sequences of two strains of the newly identified species were compared with the rrna sequences of 21 reference Campylobacter, Wolinella, and Helicobacter species in order to generate a phylogenetic tree. We propose the name Campylobacter showae for the newly identified strains; strain SU A4 (= ATCC 51146) is the type strain of this new species.

46 Expand+Journal of Dental Researchjdr.sagepub.comdoi: / JDR February 2000 vol. 79 no Campylobacter Species in Health, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis P.J. Macuch Altran Corporation, Boston, MA A.C.R. Tanner The Forsyth Institute, 140 Fenway, Boston, MA 02115, USA Abstract At least seven Campylobacter species have been identified from subgingival sites. Campylobacter rectus has been implicated as a periodontal pathogen; however, association with periodontal infections of other Campylobacter species, especially the newly described Campylobacter showae, is unclear. This study examined which Campylobacter species were associated with periodontal health and disease. Subgingival Campylobacter species from initial and established periodontitis were compared with species from periodontally healthy subjects, including subjects with gingivitis. Campylobacter species were isolated on selective media and identified by whole-cell protein profiles (SDS-PAGE). Except for C. rectus, Campylobacter levels were frequently below the detection limit (2-5% of the microbiota) of non-selective culture methods. C. rectus and C. showae, including Campylobacter X, were found more frequently and in higher levels from diseased than from healthy periodontal sites. C. gracilis was the dominant Campylobacter species found in relatively shallow pockets; however, its presence was unrelated to periodontal health or disease. C. concisus was isolated in higher proportions from relatively shallow and healthy sites, compared with deeper pockets. C. curvus was unrelated to periodontal health or disease. Analysis of the study data confirmed the relationship of C. rectus with diseased subgingival sites and indicated that C. showae may also be associated with periodontal disease. C. rectus

47 Curr Microbiol Jul;65(1):22-7. doi: /s Epub 2012 Apr 13. Quantification of subgingival bacterial pathogens at different stages of periodontal diseases. Lee HJ, Kim JK, Cho JY, Lee JM, Hong SH. Author information Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Samduk-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, South Korea. Abstract Anaerobic gram-negative oral bacteria such as Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, and Fusobacterium nucleatum are closely associated with periodontal diseases. We measured the relative population (bacterial levels) of these oral pathogens in subgingival tissues of patients at different stages of Korean chronic periodontal diseases. We divided the individuals into those with chronic gingivitis (G), moderate periodontitis (P1), severe periodontitis (P2), and normal individuals (N) (n = 20 for each group) and subgingival tissue samples were collected. We used real-time PCR with TaqMan probes to evaluate the change of periodontal pathogens among different stages of periodontitis. Bacterial levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans and C. rectus are significantly increased in individuals with chronic gingivitis and moderate periodontitis, but unchanged in severe periodontitis patients. These results suggest that analyzing certain bacterial levels among total oral pathogens may facilitate understanding of the role of periodontal bacteria in the early stages of periodontitis Histophysiologie Plaqueentstehung Krankheiten durch orale Bakterien

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49 Orale Mikrobiolo gie von Philip Marsh,Mic hael V. Martin; Thieme Verlag

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51 Columbia university: school of dental and oral surgery

52 Ökologische Nischen im Mund Microbial ecosystem in the oral cavity: Metabolic diversity in an ecological niche and ist relationship with oral diseases Nobuhiro Takahashi * International Congress Series 1284 (2005) Oral bacterial colonization. From the following article: Oral multispecies biofilm development and the key role of cell cell distance Paul E. Kolenbrander, Robert J. Palmer, Jr, Saravanan Periasamy & Nicholas S. Jakubovics Nature Reviews Microbiology 8, (July 2010) doi: /nrmicro2381

53 Spatiotemporal model of oral bacterial colonization, showing recognition of salivary pellicle receptors by initial colonizing bacteria and coaggregations between initial colonizers, fusobacteria and late colonizers of the tooth surface. Collectively, these interactions are proposed to represent development of dental plaque. Starting at the bottom, initial colonizers, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus sanguinis, bind to complementary salivary receptors (sialylated mucins, proline-rich protein, α-amylase, salivary agglutinin and bacterial cell fragments) in the acquired pellicle coating the tooth surface. Late colonizers bind to previously bound bacteria. Sequential binding results in the appearance of nascent surfaces that bridge with the next coaggregating partner cell. Coaggregation is different from aggregation that occurs between genetically identical cells and from agglutination of cells through interaction of cells with soluble molecules, for example, antibodies. Most coaggregations are between cells of different genera; Fusobacterium nucleatum strains, for example, coaggregate intergenerically with representatives of all oral bacterial species. However, intrageneric coaggregation among fusobacterial strains is only rarely observed. In sharp contrast, streptococci exhibit broad intrageneric coaggregation partnerships (for example, S. gordonii and S. oralis) as well as intraspecies partnerships (for example, S. gordonii DL1 and S. gordonii 38). Each bacterial strain exhibits specificity in partners. For example, some streptococci are capable of coaggregating with certain Veillonella spp., whereas other streptococci cannot coaggregate with those veillonellae but do coaggregate with a separate group of veillonellae24. Figure modified, with permission, from Ref. 106 American Society for Microbiology (2002).

54 Columbia university: school of dental and oral surgery Prävalenz der Proteasen von Tannerella forsythia in subgingivaler Plaque Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor medicinae dentariae (Dr. med. dent.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Medizinischen Fakultät der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jenavon Sebastian Gäßner geboren am in Leipzig

55 Orale Mikrobiologie von Philip Marsh,Michael V. Martin; Thieme Verlag Krankheiten durch orale Bakterien Gingivitis Parodontitis Dentoalveoläre Abzesse Tonsillitis Pharyngitis Sinusitis Otitis media Endokarditis Epiglottitis Pneumonie Meningitis

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