a brief german lesson
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- Thilo Kneller
- vor 6 Jahren
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1 German Enclosures Andreas Holm a brief german lesson Holm 1 of 84
2 Holm 2 of 84
3 Holm 3 of 84
4 Final energy consumption Final energy consumption Holm 4 of 84
5 Energi e BSC 17th Building Science Symposium German Enclosures August 7, 2013 Final energy consumption Final energy consumption Final energy consumption (2010) 2010: Federal Government's energy concept Sets out Germany's energy policy until 2050 Adopted after Fukushima in March 2011 Nuclear power as a bridging technology Energiekonzept für eine umwelt schonende, zuverlässige und bezahlbare Energieversorgung 28. September 2010 Holm 5 of 84
6 PV: High tech with great opportunities Wind Energy: Key Technology Quelle: Solarhaus / Joseph D. Quelle: / Wahlplakat Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen Quelle: ForschungsVerbund Sonnenenergie / Fraunhofer ISE Quelle: Wind park in north-eastern Germany (Mecklenburg) Bild: Philipp Hertzog Building: "no-tech" Is this true? Quelle: Wind park in north-eastern Germany (Mecklenburg) Bild: Philipp Hertzog Quelle: Wind park in north-eastern Germany (Mecklenburg) Bild: Philipp Hertzog Source: commons.wikimedia.org Holm 6 of 84
7 Thermal comfort German Building Stock 18,8 million buildings German Building Stock German Building Stock 40 million dwellings 37.1 billion ft 2 living area Holm 7 of 84
8 Thermal comfort Goal: comfort Heating Season: 8-9 months Weaknesses in existing buildings Quelle: IB Holm 2010 Holm 8 of 84
9 Weaknesses in existing buildings Weaknesses in existing buildings Source: Energieagentur NRW Source: Energieagentur NRW Weaknesses in existing buildings Weaknesses in existing buildings Source: Energieagentur NRW Holm 9 of 84
10 Weaknesses in existing buildings Weaknesses in existing buildings Source: Energieagentur NRW Source: Energieagentur NRW German Building Stock Energy standard % of the total stock % of total energy consumption 80 % 41% 16 % 24 % 4% 35% Holm 10 of 84
11 From "no-tech" to "high-tech" From "no-tech" to "high-tech" From "no-tech" to "high-tech" From "no-tech" to "high-tech" FIW München Holm 11 of 84
12 From "no-tech" to "high-tech" From "no-tech" to "high-tech" FIW München From "no-tech" to "high-tech" From "no-tech" to "high-tech" FIW München Holm 12 of 84
13 residential Retrofitting potential New vs. old Source: TÜV_Rheinland Holm 13 of 84
14 Retrofitting potential Retrofitting potential Retrofitting rate Thermal quality 1/5 needs to be replaced Average: 1,1 % Multifamily Houses: 1,3 % Single Family Houses: 0,9 % Holm 14 of 84
15 Thermal quality Thermal quality 60 % with R 1,3 or less 27 Mio. singel glazing (4 %) The German Roof not heated heated partially heated flat roof pitched roof Holm 15 of 84
16 The German Facade Brick Lime silica brick Aereated concrete Holm 16 of 84
17 Expanded Clay Light weight construction Holm 17 of 84
18 Quelle: Wärme im Dialog BSC 17th Building Science Symposium German Enclosures August 7, 2013 State of the art: Tbtu Saving potential: 65 % Impact of insulation: 70 % Holm 18 of 84
19 Building: "no-tech" Building: "low-tech" with the greatest effect Quelle: Wind park in north-eastern Germany (Mecklenburg) Bild: Philipp Hertzog Quelle: Wind park in north-eastern Germany (Mecklenburg) Bild: Philipp Hertzog Source: commons.wikimedia.org Quelle: Solarhaus / Joseph D. / Building: "low-tech" with the greatest effect Building: "low-tech" with the greatest effect Quelle: Wind park in north-eastern Germany (Mecklenburg) Bild: Philipp Hertzog Quelle: Wahlplakat Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen Holm 19 of 84
20 Solar Decathlon 2007 und 2009 Solar Decathlon - Washington, D.C., 2007 Wall R 57 Glazing North R 18 & SHGC = 0.37 Roof R 57 Glazing South R 10 & SHGC = 0.51 Quelle: US.Dept of Energy Solar Decathlon; 2009 Solar Decathlon; Stefano Paltera Ventilation system with heat bottom plate R 14 recovery and heat pump Lüftungsanlage mit Wärmerückgewinnung PV with15 / und 11,4 Wärmepumpe kw p PV mit 15 / 11,4 kw p flat-plate collectors Flachkollektoren Solarhaus Solar Decathlon Team Deutschland 2007 Solar Decathlon - Washington, D.C., 2009 Solar Decathlon Europe Quelle: Holm 20 of 84
21 University of Applied Sciences Rosenheim: 2 nd Winner Virginia Polytechnic Building = small power plant Holm 21 of 84
22 Effizienzhaus Plus Retrofitting potential Quelle: Institut für Leichtbau und Entwerfen (ILEK), Stuttgart, 2010 Source: BMVBS Source: BMVBS Holm 22 of 84
23 Holm 23 of 84
24 Bulit in ,75 m² Living area: 1722 ft 2 Orientation: north-south Abgrabung Bestand Masonry: brick Flur 16,06 m² STP 1 2 adults & 2 kids TERRASSE Wohn- und Esszimmer 37,63 m² WC 2,28 m² STP 2 extension needed!!! Flur 1,31 m² Küche 8,85 m² STP 3 Lager Pflaster Holm 24 of 84
25 BSC 17th Building Science Symposium German Enclosures August 7, Heating system Balkon neu 0,5*3,94 m² Kind 1 17,49 m² Raum neu 15,31 m² Eltern 16,06 m² SCHNITT ZIMMER NEU 1/ central heating with oil 1995 Temperature: 131 / 113 F warm water Balkon 0,5*9,34 m² WC 1,81 m² 8.58 Kind 2 14,60 m² Bad 5,73 m² Flur 9,91 m² ANSICHT NORD 1/100 ADDITIONAL!!!!!!!!!!! + Firewood (beech): 177 ft 3 33 million Btu 450 /a + plug electricity Btu/ft 2 a for hot water Holm 25 of 84
26 final energy primary energy Holm 26 of 84
27 Heat loses Heat loses Heat loses Envelope: target R-Value assembly existing Builing EnEV requirement wall R7 R24 windows R2 R4 roof R11 R24 basement R2 R19 Holm 27 of 84
28 energy related costs high standard energy related costs high standard anyhow costs costs [ ] KfW Efficiency House Building loan with interest rate of 1,0 % KfW Efficiency House 55 KfW Efficiency House 70 KfW Efficiency House 85 Refurbishment into a "KfW Efficiency House Individual measures KfW Efficiency House 100 KfW Efficiency House 115 KfW Efficiency House Monument Holm 28 of 84
29 % above reference house Individual measures Thermal insulation of walls, roof and floor space KfW 130 KfW 115 KfW 100 KfW 85 KfW 70 KfW 55 Q p H T Renewal of windows and exterior doors Installation/renewal of a ventilation system Renewal of the heating system Optimisation of heat distribution for existing heating systems KfW Loan Conditions KfW Loan Conditions "KfW Efficiency House" Individual measures up to EUR 50,000 per housing unit "KfW Efficiency House" up to EUR 75,000 per housing unit Individual measures up to EUR 50,000 per housing unit plus a repayment bonus 12.5 % for KfW % for KfW % for KfW % for KfW % for KfW 115 Grants for professional construction supervision by a technical expert Holm 29 of 84
30 KfW Loan Conditions KfW Loan Conditions 3⅜ EPS + 5 MW R44 Holm 30 of 84
31 59 F 65 F 65 F 59 F 65 F 65 F 55 F 59 F 63 F 55 F 59 F 63 F 53 F 51 F 62 F 53 F 51 F 62 F 59 F 65 F 65 F Wall - existing ETIC: 7in EPS R40 55 F 59 F 63 F 53 F 51 F 62 F A adhesives E glass fibre meshes as reinforcement B thermal insulation products of the same material G key coats C mechanical fixing devices H finishing coats D base coat I decorative coats Holm 31 of 84
![außen R6 SHGC 0,7 Dicke [mm] 60 160 60 25](/docs-images/64/50940505/images/32-1.jpg "Ventilation System Ventilation System Holm")
32 Wall - extension ⅓in MW + 2⅓in WFB R44 Window Triple glazing innen außen R6 SHGC 0,7 Dicke [mm] Ventilation System Ventilation System Holm 32 of 84
33 Heating System Heat Pump case wall roof base. wind. ventilation heating renewables 1 R40 R44 - R6 mechanical oil - case wall roof base. wind. ventilation heating renewables 1 R40 R44 - R6 mechanical oil - 2 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical oil Holm 33 of 84
34 case wall roof base. wind. ventilation heating renewables 1 R40 R44 - R6 mechanical oil - 2 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical oil 3 R40 R44 - R6 mechanical heat pump case wall roof base. wind. ventilation heating renewables 1 R40 R44 - R6 mechanical oil - 2 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical oil 3 R40 R44 - R6 mechanical heat pump 4 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical wood pellets case wall roof base. wind. ventilation heating renewables 1 R40 R44 - R6 mechanical oil - 2 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical oil 3 R40 R44 - R6 mechanical heat pump 4 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical wood pellets 5 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical heat pump PV case wall roof base. wind. ventilation heating renewables 1 R40 R44 - R6 mechanical oil - 2 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical oil 3 R40 R44 - R6 mechanical heat pump 4 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical wood pellets 5 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical heat pump PV 6 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical heat pump Holm 34 of 84
35 Thermal bridges case wall roof base. wind. ventilation heating renewables 1 R40 R44 - R6 mechanical oil - 2 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical oil 3 R40 R44 - R6 mechanical heat pump 4 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical wood pellets 5 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical heat pump PV 6 R40 R44 R21 R6 mechanical heat pump Holm 35 of 84
36 Thermal bridges Thermal bridges H T (F xi U i A i ) U WB A 0,10 W/(m²K) as flat rate U WB = 0,05 W/(m²K) if according to DIN 4108-BB2 x,xx W/(m²K) if Ψ known Thermal bridges Thermal bridges DIN 4108 BB2 Holm 36 of 84
37 Thermal bridges Thermal bridges Ortgang M A K S H 12 ó Bild 83 ó Ortgang ñ kernged mmtes Mauerwerk Bemerkungen: Gilt bei gleichen D mmstoffdicken auch f r den Holzbau Bild 82 Bild ó Traufe, Pfettendach M A K S H 14 ó Bild 84 Bild 85 Y 0,06W / m K 15 ó Connection details Connection details window basement Holm 37 of 84
38 Reality Holm 38 of 84
39 Holm 39 of 84
40 Holm 40 of 84
41 Holm 41 of 84
42 Holm 42 of 84
43 Holm 43 of 84
44 en/grootste/20e.jpg Holm 44 of 84
45 Ducting Fresh Air Wall System Holm 45 of 84
46 Holm 46 of 84
47 Holm 47 of 84
48 Holm 48 of 84
49 Holm 49 of 84
50 Holm 50 of 84
51 Holm 51 of 84
![anual increase of energy costs of [ ]](/docs-images/64/50940505/images/52-5.jpg "3 % 5 % 8 % before 76 796 97 514 141")
52 Energy Costs: before: after: ca /a ca. 550 /a Retrofitting costs: Total: Energy related: Value of the house: before: max after: min finacial support: repayment bonus: technical expert: heat pump bonus: total: Cost for heating in 20 years with anual increase of energy costs of [ ] 3 % 5 % 8 % before after Holm 52 of 84
53 72 F room temperature 50 F surface temperature 68 F room temperature 65 F surface temperature Holm 53 of 84
54 Ideal for: landmarked facades interior insulation as an alternative Quelle: FV WDVS Ideal for: Ideal for: structured facades dense development Quelle: FV WDVS 2012 Quelle: FV WDVS 2012 Holm 54 of 84
55 Ideal for: Ideal for: buildings with a lack of eaves close to property border Quelle: FV WDVS 2012 Quelle: FV WDVS Ideal for: Ideal for: buildings, which are used only temporarily Σ = 20 % of all facades Quelle: FV WDVS 2012 Quelle: FV WDVS 2012 Holm 55 of 84
56 Interior Insulation Challenges Damage connected with interior insulation Interior Insulation Challenges Damage connected with interior insulation Interior Insulation Challenges Interior Insulation Challenges Before Before After Holm 56 of 84
57 EnEV 2009: existing buildings R16 Interior Insulation Challenges Temperature Saturation pressure Vapor pressure Lower / higher wall temp. in winter / summer Risk of condensation at original wall surface in winter Interior Insulation Challenges Interior Insulation Challenges Temperature Moisture control problems due to high R-values?! Holm 57 of 84
58 Desing with Dew-Point Method Desing with Dew-Point Method Saturation pressure Vapor pressure Saturation pressure Vapor pressure Conventional moisture control strategies New moisture control strategy Winter Liquid flow Winter sorption TRY Hof wind driven rain vapour flow Summer Summer liquid flow w/o vap. retarder with vap. retarder Holm 58 of 84
59 New moisture control strategy Kriterium: Schimmelpilzprophylaxe sorption wind driven rain vapour flow liquid flow Max.:??? Kriterium: Schimmelpilzprophylaxe Kriterium: Schimmelpilzprophylaxe max. 95% German Code Holm 59 of 84
![Relative humidity [%] Behind insul.](/docs-images/64/50940505/images/60-7.jpg "Time [quarters] Time [quarters] Holm 60")
60 New moisture control strategy Hygrothermische Simulation sorption wind driven rain vapour flow liquid flow Max.: 95 % Case study Case study standard case (EPS) capillary active case (CaSi) smart vapor control (MW + PA) Without driving rain With driving rain (A = 0,5 kg/(m² h) EPS insulation gypsum board calcium silicate board gypsum plaster mineral fiber PA film gypsum board Relative humidity [%] Behind insul. Time [quarters] Relative humidity [%] Behind insul. Time [quarters] Holm 60 of 84
61 Wind driven rain protection Wind driven rain protection Wind driven rain protection Wind driven rain protection B: wetting > drying A: wetting = drying C: wetting < drying D: wetting = 0 Wetting Measurement: water uptake Ammount of absorbed water per area m absorption A t A-Value Square root of time Holm 61 of 84
62 Wind driven rain protection Wind driven rain protection Drying Vapour Diffusion j D v c p x µ x Vapour permeability in air Moisture flux Wetting: m rain Drying: m drying A Requirement: air s t rain p (, ) t drying µ-factor describes ratio between diffusion resistance of building material and air or: 1 s A 1 air t rain p (, ) t drying History: experimental studies History: experimental studies 1.64 perm 3.28 perm Diffusion Resistance. d [m] Painting Coating A-value [kg/m 2 h] A-value [kg/m 2 s] 1965 Holm 62 of 84
![experimental studies 1.64 perm Diffusion Resistance d [m] 2.5 2.0 1.](/docs-images/64/50940505/images/63-1.jpg "5 1.0 0.5 Efficient Rain Protection Inappropriate Rain Protection 1.")
![64 perm Diffusion Resistance d [m] 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 A * d < 0.](/docs-images/64/50940505/images/63-2.jpg "1 Efficient Rain Protection Inappropriate Rain Protection 3.")
63 History: experimental studies History: experimental studies WEST EAST Coating Painting History: experimental studies History: experimental studies 1.64 perm Diffusion Resistance d [m] Efficient Rain Protection Inappropriate Rain Protection 1.64 perm Diffusion Resistance d [m] A * d < 0.1 Efficient Rain Protection Inappropriate Rain Protection 3.28 perm A-value [kg/m 2 h] 3.28 perm A-value [kg/m 2 h] A-value [kg/m 2 s] A-value [kg/m 2 s] Holm 63 of 84
![25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 A-value [kg/m 2 h] 3.28 perm 0.0 0.00 0.](/docs-images/64/50940505/images/64-2.jpg "25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 A-value [kg/m 2 h] 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.")
![030 A-value [kg/m 2 s] A-value [kg/m 2 s] Validation 5 Coating AAC Plaster](/docs-images/64/50940505/images/64-4.jpg "Diffusion Resistance d [m] 4 L 3 AB G H I 2 C J 1 F D K E 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.")
64 History: experimental studies History: experimental studies 1.64 perm Diffusion Resistance d [m] A * d < 0.1 Efficient Rain Protection Inappropriate Rain Protection 1.64 perm Diffusion Resistance d [m] A * d < 0.1 A * d < 0.2 Efficient Rain Protection Inappropriate Rain Protection 3.28 perm A-value [kg/m 2 h] 3.28 perm A-value [kg/m 2 h] A-value [kg/m 2 s] A-value [kg/m 2 s] Validation 5 Coating AAC Plaster Diffusion Resistance d [m] 4 L 3 AB G H I 2 C J 1 F D K E A-value [kg/m 2 h] WEST A-value [kg/m 2 s] Holm 64 of 84
![Validation Validation 5 10 5 10 Diffusion Resistance d [m] 4 3 AB 2 C 1 F D E 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Water Content of the AAC [Vol.](/docs-images/64/50940505/images/65-0.jpg "-%] 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Diffusion Resistance d [m] 4 L 3 AB G 2 C 1 F D K E 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Water Content of the AAC [Vol.")
![-%] 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 A-value [kg/m 2 h] Time [years] A-value [kg/m 2 h] Time [years] 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.](/docs-images/64/50940505/images/65-1.jpg "04 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 A-value [kg/m 2 s] A-value [kg/m 2 s] Validation 5 10 Diffusion Resistance d [m] 4 L 3 AB G H I 2 C J 1 F D K E 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.")
65 Validation Validation Diffusion Resistance d [m] 4 3 AB 2 C 1 F D E Water Content of the AAC [Vol.-%] Diffusion Resistance d [m] 4 L 3 AB G 2 C 1 F D K E Water Content of the AAC [Vol.-%] A-value [kg/m 2 h] Time [years] A-value [kg/m 2 h] Time [years] A-value [kg/m 2 s] A-value [kg/m 2 s] Validation 5 10 Diffusion Resistance d [m] 4 L 3 AB G H I 2 C J 1 F D K E Water Content of the AAC [Vol.-%] 8 K 6 4 I H 2 D, E, J G A, B, C, F, L A-value [kg/m 2 h] Time [years] A-value [kg/m 2 s] Holm 65 of 84
66 construction industry is not innovative! Efficiency of buildings Energy Saving Ordinance Maximum values of the u-value for envelope component retrofit 90% WSVO 95 EnEV 2002 EnEV 2009 Walls - general R 14 R 16 R 24 Holm 66 of 84
67 Energy Saving Ordinance ETICS insulation thickness Maximum values of the u-value for envelope component retrofit ca. 20% WSVO 95 EnEV 2002 EnEV 2009 Walls - general R 14 R 16 R % 30 % Typical Insualtion Materials Typical Insualtion Materials Germany Europe stone wool other mineral wool other fibre glas Quelle: FIW München Quelle: FIW München Holm 67 of 84
68 Physical Background How can we improve Physical Background Mechanism of thermal conductivity $ 1,50 online for 1 can Total = + convection solid + cellgas + radiation Holm 68 of 84
69 Efficient Thermal Insulation Physical Background Fibrous Structure Microcellular Structure Physical Background Physical Background Holm 69 of 84
70 Physical Background Physical Background Mechanism of thermal conductivity Total = + convection solid + cellgas + radiation Mineral wool Holm 70 of 84
71 Efficient Thermal Insulation Glas wool Fibrous Structure Stone wool Development of thermal conductivity Holm 71 of 84
72 Development of thermal conductivity Development of thermal conductivity BAU ,0173 Btu / hr ft F Development of thermal conductivity Development of thermal conductivity Holm 72 of 84
73 Development of thermal conductivity New areas of application Source: Rockwool Source: Rockwool New areas of application Quelle: Quelle: EPS Polstyrol expanded rigid foam Holm 73 of 84
74 Efficient Thermal Insulation EPS Microcellular Structure EPS EPS Quelle: IBHolm Holm 74 of 84
75 EPS EPS (XPS) IR-Radiation IR-Absorber/ -Reflector Quelle: ZAE Bayern EPS Neopor Effect of IR-Absorber on thermal conductivity IR-Absorber (Ref.: BASF AG, Ludwigshafen/Rh) Holm 75 of 84
76 EPS with radiation control EPS with radiation control improvement 11% Supposed to combine benefits of white and dark EPS: good λ D less solar heat-up improvement gained by adding graphite: 14% XPS with radiation control Mechanism of thermal conductivity Total = + convection solid for 3,15in (80 mm) perimeter insulation board: λ D improvement by 14% + cellgas + radiation Holm 76 of 84
77 Physical Background PUR/PIR PUR/PIR PUR/PIR Bild: FIW München Holm 77 of 84
78 PUR/PIR PUR: λ depending on cell gas: CFC 11 open tight Change of thermal conductivity PUR: λ depending on cell gas: Pentane Innovative foam boards for exterior insulation Thermal conductivity of phenolic (resol) foam boards (40 kg/m³) λ D = W/(m K) More rigid than EPS boards Holm 78 of 84
79 Spray Foam AND????? Vacuum insulation (VIP) Vacuum insulation (VIP) VIP protected by EPS Holm 79 of 84
80 Nano-porous insulation materials: Aerogel Nano-porous insulation materials: Aerogel Aerogel granulate packed in Fleece Bild: FIW München Bild: FIW München Nano-porous insulation materials: Aerogel Mineral foam insulation Main focus: retrofit by interior insulation Boards (density = 115 kg/m³) fire resistant (A1), recyclable, capillary active, vapor permeable Compressive strenght: 300 kpa Thickness: mm λ D = W/(m K) Bild: EMPA Holm 80 of 84
81 Brick 2.0 Entwicklung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit Market share of clay brick approx. 45% Paint Paint Paint is not an insulation material! Holm 81 of 84
82 Reflecive Insulation Reflecive Insulation Misleading R-value claims at the international building trade fair in Munich poor insulating vapour barrier 2009 Manufacturer claims: More energy savings through 3 cm (~1 ) refl. film insulation than 20 cm (~8 ) glass fiber insulation Reflecive Insulation Misleading R-value claims at the international building trade fair in Munich 2011 Same claims with one difference: instead of 20 cm (~8 ) glass fiber insulation 20 cm convective insulation construction industry is not innovative! Holm 82 of 84
83 Efficiency of cars 24% 2.bp.blogspot.com Holm 83 of 84
84 Richtig dämmen Holm 84 of 84
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