honeydew from subterranean plant-suckers, HA = honeydew from above-ground plant-suckers, PS = subterranean prey, SP = small above-ground prey or

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1 S1. Habitat and food preferences of the ant species and presence at the investigation sites (N = Nenzlingen, M = Movelier and V = Vicques). Habitats are: F = forest, H = forest edge or hedgerow, W = wetlands or tall forbs, MG = moist grasslands, SD = semidry grasslands (including those with shrubs), D = dry grasslands (including those with shrubs), R = rock, gravel or bare soil, U = urban habitats. Food resources are: N = nectar or other plant juices, HS = honeydew from subterranean plant-suckers, HA = honeydew from above-ground plant-suckers, PS = subterranean prey, SP = small above-ground prey or carrion, MP = medium-sized above-ground prey or carrion, LP = large above-ground prey or carrion, S = seeds without elaiosomes, E = seeds with elaiosomes. Values refer to the proportion of the resource used (0.05 was used as minimum value). Data from studies in Central European countries (Switzerland (a, b, k, p, q), Austria (i), France (f, l) and Germany (c, r, s, t, u, v, w)) were preferentially used to minimize geographical differences in niche use. Species Site Habitats Food resources References N M V F H W MG SD D R U N HS HA PS SP MP LP S E Camponotus ligniperda (Latreille 1802) Formica cunicularia Latreille 1798 x a, c, k, v x x x a, f, h, i, k, q, v F. pratensis Retzius 1783 x x b, d, h, k, q, v F. rufa Linnaeus 1758 x b, c, d, j, k, v, x F. rufibarbis Fabricius 1793 x x x h, i, k, v F. sanguinea Latreille 1798 x x a, c, d, h, i, k, v Lasius flavus (Fabricius 1781) x x x a, c, h, i, k, o, v L. niger (Linnaeus 1758) x a, c, d, f, h, i, k, n, o, s, u, v L. paralienus Seifert 1992 # x x x i, q, u, v

2 Leptothorax nylanderi (Förster 1850) Myrmecina graminicola (Latreille 1802) Myrmica rubra (Linnaeus 1758) x i, k, v x x a, i, v x a, d, h, i, k, m, v, w M. ruginodis Nylander 1846 x x a, i, m, t, v, w M. sabuleti Meinert 1860 x x x a, h, i, m, t, v, w M. scabrinodis Nylander 1846 x x x a, c, h, i, m, t, v, w M. schencki Emery 1894 x x x a, i, m, t, v, w M. specioides Bondroit 1918 x x f, h, m, t, k, v, w Polyergus rufescens (Latreille 1798) $ Ponera coarctata (Latreille 1802) Pyramica baudueri (Emery 1875) Solenopsis fugax (Latreille 1798) Tapinoma ambiguum Emery 1925 T. erraticum (Latreille 1798) Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus 1758) x x a, d, c, h, k, v x x c, g, h, k, v x 1.00 e, g x x x a, c, f, g, h, i, k, v x (a, h), i, r, v x x (a, h), k, l, r, v x x x a, c, d, f, h, i, k, v

3 # L. paralienus was not distinguished from the sibling species L. alienus and L. psammophilus until recently. The two Tapinoma species are frequently not distinguished in the literature (references in brackets), but seem to have very similar habitat requirements (r, v). Therefore the same niche was assumed for both species. $ The slave-making species Polyergus rufescens does not forage. Therefore, the food preferences of the two slave species F. cunicularia and F. rufibarbis were used for niche calculation. No information on habitats available. References: a Agosti D (1983) Faunistisch-ökologische Untersuchungen über Ameisen (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) im Randen, (Kt. Schaffhausen). Diploma thesis, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland b Agosti D, Cherix D (1994) Rote Liste der gefährdeten Ameisenarten in der Schweiz. In: Duelli P (ed) Rote Listen der gefährdeten Tierarten in der Schweiz. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft, Bern, pp c Bellmann H (1995) Bienen, Wespen, Ameisen: Hautflügler Mitteleuropas. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart d Carroll CR, Janzen DH (1973) Ecology of foraging by ants. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 4: e Dejean A (1985) Etude eco-ethologique de la predation chez les fourmis du genre Smithistruma (Formicidae-Myrmicinae - Dacetini) II. Attraction des proies principales (collemboles). Insectes Soc 32: f Du Merle P, Jourdheuil P, Marro JP, Mazet R (1978) Evolution saisonnière de la myrmécofaune et de son activité dans un milieu forestier: Les interactions clairière-lisière-forêt. Ann Soc Entomol France 14:

4 g Emery C (1876) Über hypogäische Ameisen. Stettinger entomol Z 37:71-76 h Gallé L (1986) Habitat and niche analysis of grassland ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomol Gen 11: i Glaser F (1998) Die Ameisenfauna des Arzler Kalvarienberges bei Innsbruck (Tirol, Österreich) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Ber Nat-Med Verein Innsbruck 85: j Hölldobler B, Wilson EO (1990) The Ants. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York k Kutter H (1977) Hymenoptera: Formicidae. Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft, Zürich l Lachaume A, Meudec M (1987) L'exploitation de l'habitat chez la fourmi Tapinoma erraticum (Formicidae - Dolichoderinae). Bull Soc Zool Fr 111: m Lepidopterologen-Arbeitsgruppe (1991) Tagfalter und ihre Lebensräume: Arten, Gefährdung, Schutz: Schweiz und angrenzende Gebiete. Schweizerischer Bund für Naturschutz, Basel n Pontin AJ (1961) Population stabilization and competition between the ants Lasius flavus (F.) and L. niger (L.). J Anim Ecol 30:47-54 o Pontin AJ (1963) Further considerations of competition and the ecology of the ants Lasius flavus (F.) and L. niger (L.). J Anim Ecol 32: p Savolainen R, Vepsäläinen K (1988) A competition hierarchy among boreal ants: impact on resource partitioning and community structure. Oikos 51: q Schürch S, Pfunder M, Roy BA (2000) Effects of ants on the reproductive success of Euphorbia cyparissias and associated pathogenic rust fungi. Oikos 88:6-12 r Seifert B (1984) A method for differentiation of the female castes of Tapinoma ambiguum Emery and Tapinoma erraticum (Latr.) and remarks on their distribution in Europe north of the Mediterranean region (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Faun Abh Staatl Mus Tierkd Dresd 11: s Seifert B (1988a) A revision of the European species of the ant subgenus Chthonolasius (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Entomol Abh Staatl Mus Tierkd Dresd 51:

5 t Seifert B (1988b) A taxonomic revision of the Myrmica species of Europe, Asia Minor, and Caucasia (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Abh Ber Naturkundemus Görlitz 62:1-75 u Seifert B (1992) A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the ant subgenus Lasius s. str. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Abh Ber Naturkundemus Görlitz 66:1-66 v Seifert B (1996) Ameisen beobachten, bestimmen. Naturbuch Verlag, Augsburg w Wardlaw JC, Elmes GW, Thomas JA (1998) Techniques for studying Maculinea butterflies: II. Identification guide to Myrmica ants found on Maculinea sites in Europe. J Insect Conserv 2: x Wellenstein G (1952) Zur Ernährungsbiologie der Roten Waldameise (Formica rufa L.). Z Pflanzenkr Pflanzenschutz 59: