Shared Heritage and Cultural Diversity Museological Glocalization in the Age of Globalization

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1 Shared Heritage and Cultural Diversity Museological Glocalization in the Age of Globalization Alexander Koch 2017 Maritime Silk Road Art and Culture Development Forum, Sharing Value Diversified Development of Art in Maritime Silk Road Culture, Quanzhou, 11 th -12 th December 2017 Panel Forum Diversified Perspectives Expansion and Deepening of Globalization

2 Shared Heritage and Cultural Diversity Museological Glocalization in the Age of Globalization Table of Content: 1. Introduction 2. Dimensions 3. Status Quo 4. Perspectives 5. References 6. Outlook 2/35

3 Introduction Main topics Reflections on art, culture, heritage and history connected to the Maritime Silk Road Current development, perspectives and transformation of museums Case studies on museological glocalization processes and museum industry According to the State Administration of Cultural Heritage China had 4,873 registered museums in 2016 (an increase of 181 compared with the previous year) 87% of those museums are free and open to the public The average number of exhibitions held annually in China reached 30,000 The licensed museums reached 900 Mio. visitors in /35

4 Introduction Main objectives Historical dimensions and discussion about the Maritime Silk Road Diversified perspectives on museum policy in a globalized world, especially along the Maritime Silk Road Awareness on shared heritage and cultural diversity Better understanding of glocalization in the age of globalization References and recommendations Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, reference for the boom of museums and the so called Bilbao effect, building by iconic architect Frank O. Gehry 4/35

5 Reflections Silver box from the tomb of Zhao Mo, king of Nanyue, 2 nd century BC, Guangzhou, Guangdong Produced in China, but influenced by Achaemenid bowls Similar bowls in Yunnan and Shandong Traces of cultural contacts Foreign influences in China Silver bowl (phiale) with floral pattern, Achaemenid Persian, 6 th -4 th century BC. Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Harvard University 5/35

6 Reflections Persian silver hoard of Bianwan, Suixi, Guangdong, 6-7 th century AD, e.g. A plain poly-lobed silver bowl with Sogdian inscription A Sasanian or Korean(?) silver cup Several Sasanian coins, 5 th century AD Trade along the Maritime trade routes Persian merchants in various harbors of South China Relations between China, South East Asia and the Persian world before the coming of Islam Silver bowl with Sogdian inscription below the rim. According to the inscription the vessel belonged originally to a dignitary of the kingdom of Chach (present-day Tashkent, Uzbekistan) 6/35

7 Reflections Ship Museum at the Kaiyuan Temple, Quanzhou Shipwreck excavated in 1974 from Houzhu Harbor, Quanzhou Bay, 13 th century 7/35

8 Reflections Historical traces and remains of muslims, christs and others in Quanzhou An important center of commerce and trade Mosque in Quanzhou Sculpture of Mani from the Cao an, a temple in Jinjiang, near Quanzhou. 13 th century 8/35

9 Reflections Quanzhou Maritime Museum Local maritime topics, e.g. sea trade, ship technology, foreign merchants, commercial and cultural exchange, religious diversity Muslim tombs at the back of Quanzhou Maritime Museum 9/35 Introduction Reflections Status Quo Perspectives References Outlook

10 Reflections Quanzhou Maritime Museum Exhibition with various architectural structures, gravestones and stone tablets related to Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and Manichaeism Gravestone with Phagspa inscription (dated 1314), from Quanzhou, China. The Phagspa inscription reads ( ung shė yang shi mu taw), representing Chinese Wēngshě Yáng shì mùdào 翁舍楊氏墓道 "tomb memorial of Yang Wengshe". 10/35

11 Reflections Quanzhou as the Starting Point of the Maritime Silk Road Now when you quit Fuju [Fuzhou] and cross the river, you arrive at the very great and noble city of ZAYTON. At this city you must know is the haven of ZAYTON, frequented by all the ships of India, which bring thither spicery and all other kinds of costly wares. It is the port also that is frequented by all the merchants of Manzi, for hither is imported the most astonishing quantity of goods and of precious stones and pearls....; for it is one of the two greatest havens in the world for commerce. Henry Yule and Henri Cordier (eds.), The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East (London, 1903) Vol. II (Book II Chapter LXXXII). Zayton (Quanzhou) as imagined by a 15 th -century European illustrator of The Travels of Marco Polo 11/35

12 The Maritime Silk Road Construction, Deconstruction, Reconstruction 12/35

13 Reflections Historical dimensions of maritime trade Growing relevance since later half of the Tang Dynasty (8-9 th century), and especially after the fall of Kaifeng in 1126 Mainly organized by merchants from different countries, e.g. India, Persia, the Near East Commercial trade and market places in harbor cities along the South Asian coast Arabo-Persian communities in South China, e.g. Quanzhou, integrated into the local society Famous journeys of Zheng He China and the Islamic World, c /35

14 Reflections The Maritime Silk Road Construction, deconstruction, reconstruction of a modern term Modern construction, named after the late 19 th century term Silk Road Pictorial term with strong imagination Historical traces Archaeological finds Written sources Tangible and intangible heritage Representing Cultural contacts along the South Asian coast and neighboring maritime regions since ancient times and especially from the 8 th until the 17 th century AD Commerce and trade between Europe, Africa and Asia Shared heritage and cultural diversity 14/35

15 Reflections Reconstruction of the Maritime Silk Road (after Kwa Chong Guan 2016) Represents connections and interactions of three different trading worlds. The Arabian Sea core of an Islamicated trading world, with the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea as gateways to the West Asian and European markets of the Silk Road. The Bay of Bengal linking the Indian subcontinent to the polities of Southeast Asia. The South China Sea trading world structured around imperial management of foreign tribute trade to China as part of the heqin system of harmonious relationship between Imperial China and its southern neighbors alternating with the cycles of the Chinese market to which its southern ports of Guangzhou and Quanzhou were the entry points. The Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea are spaces of circulation and networks. 15/35

16 Status quo Current situation at the Maritime Silk Road in the globalized world Transformation processes Fast urban development in bigger (harbor, coastal) cities Growing and changing economies Growing relevance of cultural institutions, especially museums Relevance of education Internationalized societies Growing art industry Growing (international) tourism 16/35

17 Status quo Cities as engines of globalization and transformation Modern, globalized, internationalized cities center points of greater urban areas and continuous development Contact zones to neighboring regions and the hinterland Centers of politics, religions, economies, society, technologies, art, creativity and culture Harbors as gate ways to the world Cultural diversity, cultural authenticity Historical relations by trade, cultural contacts, commerce, people and religions Interconnected by common history and shared heritage E.g. Hamburg, Lisboa, Mumbai, Marseille, Rotterdam, Shanghai, Tianjin, Venice 17/35

18 Perspectives Museums and other cultural institutions along the Maritime Silk Road Transformation of economic and political globalization into art and culture Connection between society, education, leisure and tourism Centers of social identities and local traditions 18/35

19 References Museological glocalization in the age of globalization Best practices and current development in recent times Case studies in cities along the (Maritime) Silk Road Tang West Market Museum, Xi an Louvre Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, United Arab Emirates China Maritime Museum, Nanhui, Shanghai Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum, Yangjiang, Guangdong National Maritime Museum, Tianjin Pingtan Art Museum, Pingtan Island, Fuzhou Hong Kong Palace Museum and M+ Museum for Visual Culture, Hong Kong Brunei Darussalam Maritime Museum, Nation of Brunei 19/35

20 References Tang West Market Museum, Xi an the Starting Point of the Silk Road Built at the original site of the west market in Chang'an city Private investment and public-private partnership Directly at an international shopping zone, together with hotels, cafes and restaurants Exhibitions focusing on the Silk Road Culture with more than 1 Mio. visitors each year Growing tourism hotspot of Shaanxi Support of local / regional economies, part of urban development 20/35

21 References Louvre Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island Cultural District, United Arab Emirates Marks a transformation process from oil economy to international culture tourism Innovative architecture designed by famous French architect Jean Nouvel Exhibitions with focus upon bridging the gap between Eastern and Western art World known brand Factors of cultural glocalization 21/35

22 References China Maritime Museum, Nanhui (Lingang), Shanghai New building with functional and symbolic design by German architects Gerkan, Marg und Partner, Hamburg Part of urban development (Nanhui New City) Devoted to maritime history of China 22/35

23 References Guangdong Maritime Silk Road Museum, Yangjiang, Guangdong Impressive architecture located directly at the beach Presentation of underwater cultural heritage, e.g. shipwreck Nanhai No. 1, still under excavation inside Shipwreck Nanhai No. 1, Southern Song Dynasty ( ), Guangdong 23/35 Introduction Reflections Status Quo Perspectives References Outlook

24 References National Maritime Museum, Tianjin Directly at the waterside Designed by Australian studio Cox Rayner Architects World Future Project of the Year Award at the World Architecture Festival Singapore /35

25 References National Maritime Museum, Tianjin Waterside scheme consists of halls that radiate out to the harbor, in which each contains different exhibitions The Museum will be situated in front of a large plaza for outdoor events, marked by an observation tower also acting as the museum's energy plant. 25/35

26 References Pingtan Art Museum, Pingtan Island, Fuzhou When the museum opens it will be the biggest private museum in China Innovative Architecture designed by MAD architects ( Ordos Museum ) Fusion of museum and landscape architecture, part of urban development 26/35

27 References Hong Kong Palace Museum and M+ Museum for Visual Culture, Hong Kong At Hong Kong's West Kowloon Cultural District (WKCD) Iconic architecture, important collections, famous brands 27/35

28 References Joint Exhibition Projects: Maritime Silk Road Exhibition opened in Brunei Darussalam Maritime Museum in 2015 Organized jointly by the Quanzhou Maritime Museum and the Brunei Museums Department Showcase of the linkage between China and Southeast Asia including Brunei since ancient times Exhibits include porcelain, gravestone, ship models, ancient coins, historical images and documents 28/35

29 References Exhibition exchange platform and long-term partnerships E.g. provided by the Chinese Museums Association Creating an information exchange network Acting as a bridge between Chinese museums and their international partners for exhibition exchanges The platform introduces Chinese exhibitions to the world and showcases exhibitions from around the world to Chinese museums 29/35

30 References Silk Road Museum Alliance A vigorous platform of cultural exchange and development Proposed and initiated by the Chinese Museums Association and established in Beijing on May 18, 2017 To enhance cross-border studies about the cultural heritage of the Eurasian trade route To share resources through activities, e.g. exhibit exchanges, training in conservation of cultural relics, joint symposiums and scientific projects More than 80 participating organizations, include museums and research institutes, e.g. West Tang Market Museum, Xi an; China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou; State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg; British Library, London Development of mutual understanding Shouldn't we establish an international alliance of museums and cultural institutions along the Maritime Silk Road? 30/35

31 Outlook Diversified Perspectives Expansion and deepening of globalization Global strategies, overall concepts, local references Keeping of authenticity, story telling Digitization in a globalized world Museological glocalization China s 21 st century Maritime Silk Road 31/35

32 Outlook Conclusion Shared heritage, cultural diversity We are all different, but we have common history and shared heritage Best requirements for joint cooperation Specific authenticity Cities and Museums Current risks Faceless urban development Everywhere the same instead of specific authenticity / variety / diversity Interchangeable institutions, exchangeable characters, instead of distinctive profiles and local references 32/35

33 Outlook Cities as engines of globalization and transformation Current challenges and opportunities Overall concepts of urban development, iconic and innovative architecture Clear profiles, specific characters AuthentiCITIES Strategical branding processes (e.g. Quanzhou as the starting point of the maritime silk road ) Development of cultural industries and tourism Museums as mirrors of societies, urbanities, identities, cultural diversities Iconic and innovative architecture (often with local reference) Clear profiles, specific characters Authenticities, story telling Ideal and unique connection of past, present and future Strategical branding processes Diverse cooperation local, regional, international, bi- and multilateral Enormous touristic and educational potentials 33/35

34 Outlook Museums along the Maritime Silk Road Reflections on local and regional authenticity in arts, handicraft and traditions Conservation of tangible and intangible heritage Educational and touristic offers for different target groups (visitors, consumers, user) Longtime transformation processes and partnership relations Iconic landmark architecture reflects local atmosphere Be creative, stay authentic Clear unique selling points (USP), clear marketing strategies, sustainable investments Enormous culture tourism potentials Cities along the Southern Chinese coast Tianjin, Qingdao, Shanghai, Ningbo, Hangzhou, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Xiamen, Hong Kong, Guangzhou International Cities along the Maritime Silk Road Haiphong, Vietnam; Bangkok, Thailand; Singapore; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Dhaka, Chittagong, Bangladesh; Calcutta, Chennai, Mumbai, India; Colombo, Sri Lanka; Karatschi, Pakistan; Mombasa, Kenia; Daressalam, Tanzania; Dubai, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Doha, Qatar; Dschibuti; Port Said, Egypt; Haifa, Israel 34/35

35 Shared Heritage and Cultural Diversity Museological Glocalization in the Age of Globalization Thank you for your attention! Maritime Silk Road Art Park, Quanzhou Maritime Silk Road Art and Culture Development Forum, Sharing Value Diversified Development of Art in Maritime Silk Road Culture, Panel Forum Diversified Perspectives Expansion anddeepeningofglobalization,quanzhou 2017