Relative Pronouns. relativ e prono un subject or object pronoun for people

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1 English Grammar Summary Relative Pronouns relativ e prono un who use subject or object pronoun for people which subject or object pronoun for animals and things which referring to a whole sentence whos e possession for people animals and things whom object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who) that subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible) example I told you about the woman who lives next door. Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? He couldn t read which surprised me. Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse? I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference. I don t like the table that stands in the kitchen. Relativ Adverbs relative adverb when where why meanin g in/on which in/at which for which use refers to a time expression refers to a place refers to a reason example the day when we met him the place where we met him the reason why we met him

2 type I II III Form condition condition possible to fulfill condition in theory possible to fulfill condition not possible to fulfill (too late) type if clause main clause I Simple Present will-future (or Modal + infinitive) II Simple Past would + infinitive * III Past Perfect would + have + past participle * Examples (if-clause at the beginning) type if clause main clause I If I study, I will pass the II If I studied, I would pass the III If I had studied, I would have passed the Examples (if-clause at the end) type main clause if-clause I I will pass the exam if I study. II I would pass the exam if I studied. III I would have passed the exam if I had studied. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences) typ e I II III Examples long forms short/contracted forms + If I study, I will pass the If I study, I'll pass the If I study, I will not fail the If I do not study, I will fail the If I studied, I would pass the If I studied, I would not fail the If I did not study, I would fail the If I had studied, I would have passed the If I had studied, I would not have failed the If I had not studied, I would have failed the If I study, I won't fail the If I don't study, I'll fail the If I studied, I'd pass the If I studied, I wouldn't fail the If I didn't study, I'd fail the If I'd studied, I'd have passed the If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the

3 Gerund or Progressive/Continuous Gerund - Explanation Exercise - Gerund or Progressive Both forms end in -ing. Nevertheless it is easy to find out whether it is a Gerund or a Progressive form. Progressive tenses These tenses are formed with von to be and the infinitive + - ing. sentences He is reading a book. He was reading a book. He has been reading a book for three hours. He had been reading a book before Mary came in. He will be reading a book when I get home. He will have been reading a book. He would be reading a book if he had time. He would have been reading a book if he had had time. A book is being read. A book was being read. tense Present Progressive Past Progressive Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive will-future Progressive Future Perfect Progressive Conditional Progressive Conditional Perfect Progressive Present Progressive - Passive Past Progressive - Passive Gerund The Gerund is formed only with infinitive + - ing. sentence Reading books is great fun. He likes reading books. He is looking forward to reading books at the weekend. He is keen on reading books. He is used to reading books. What about reading books? He likes the idea of reading books. After reading the book, he went to bed. I remember having read this book. - Passiv

4 Infinitives of verb verb form left presenting met reads relaxed flies puts meant starts arguing infinitive leave present meet read relax fly put mean start argue Adjektive Steigerung Komparativ Superlativ clean cleaner cleanest new newer newest cheap cheaper cheapest 2. zweisilbige Adjektive mit folgenden Endungen: 2.1. zweisilbige Adjektive, die auf -y enden dirty dirtier dirtiest easy easier easiest happy happier happiest pretty prettier prettiest 2.2. zweisilbige Adjektive, die auf -er enden clever cleverer cleverest 2.3. zweisilbige Adjektive, die auf -le enden simple simpler simplest 2.4. zweisilbige Adjektive, die auf -ow enden narrow narrower narrowest Schreibweise der Adjektive bei Steigerung mit -er/-est

5 large big sad dirty larges larger t bigger bigge st sadde sadde r st dirties dirtier t shy shyer shyest stummes e fällt weg Mitlaut nach kurzem Selbstlaut wird verdoppelt y wird zum i, da vor dem y ein Mitlaut steht (hier t) Ausnahme (obwohl vor dem y ein Mitlaut steht) B - Steigerung mit more - most difficult - more difficult - (the) most difficult alle mehrsilbigen Adjektive (außer einige zweisilbige - siehe Punkte 2.1. bis 2.4) C - unregelmäßige Adjektive good better best bad worse worst much more most viel - bei unzählbaren Substantiven many more most viele - bei zählbaren Substantiven little less least wenig little smaller smalle st klein D - Besondere Adjektive Bei einigen Adjektiven sind zwei Steigerungsmöglichkeiten möglich. common commoner / more common commonest / most common likely likelier / more likely likeliest / most likely pleasant pleasanter / more pleasant pleasantest / most pleasant polite politer / more polite politest / most polite

6 simple simpler / more simple simplest / most simple stupid stupider / more stupid stupidest / most stupid subtle subtler / more subtle subtlest sure surer / more sure surest / most sure Bedeutungsunterschied bei Adjektiven: farther farthest weiter (Sinn: weit entfernt) far weiter (Sinn: weit entfernt) further furthest oder weiter (Sinn: zusätzlich) later latest später late latter x zweiter x last letzter old older oldest älter elder eldest älterer (Familienmitglieder) nea nearer nearest näher (Sinn: Entfernung) r x next nächste (Sinn: Reihenfolge)

7 Aktiv (Simple Formen) Simple Present I drive ich fahre Simple Past I drove ich fuhr Present Perfect I have ich bin gefahren Past Perfect I had ich war gefahren will-future I will drive ich werde fahren Future Perfect I will have ich werde gefahren sein Conditional I I would drive ich würde fahren Conditional II I would have ich wäre gefahren Aktiv (Progressive/Continuous Formen) Simple Present I am driving ich fahre Simple Past I was driving ich fuhr Present Perfect I have been driving ich bin gefahren Past Perfect I had been driving ich war gefahren will-future I will be driving ich werde fahren Future Perfect I will have been driving ich werde gefahren sein Conditional I I would be driving ich würde fahren Conditional II I would have been driving ich wäre gefahren Passiv (Simple Formen) Simple Present I am ich werde gefahren Simple Past I was ich wurde gefahren Present Perfect I have been ich bin gefahren worden Past Perfect I had been ich war gefahren worden will-future I will be ich werde gefahren werden Future Perfect I will have been ich werde gefahren worden sein Conditional I I would be ich würde gefahren werden Conditional II I would have been ich würde gefahren worden sein Passiv (Progressive/Continuous Formen) Present I am being ich werde gefahren Past I was being ich wurde gefahren Present Perfect ¹ I have been being ich bin gefahren worden

8 Past Perfect ¹ Future ¹ Future Perfect ¹ Conditional I ¹ Conditional II ¹ I had been being I will be being I will have been being I would be being I would have been being ich war gefahren worden ich werde gefahren werden ich werde gefahren worden sein ich würde gefahren werden ich würde gefahren worden sein