Applications. the Large Isoform of Tenascin C for TumorTargeting. Protein Engineering of Novel Human Antibodies to. accepted by the recommendationof



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DISS. ETH NO. 16345 Protein Engineering of Novel Human Antibodies to the Large Isoform of Tenascin C for TumorTargeting Applications A dissertationsubmittedto the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by Simon Sebastian Brack dipl. sc. nat. ETHZ born on 23 November 1976 Citizen of Basel (BS) and Elfingen (AG), Switzerland accepted by the recommendationof Prof. Dr. D. Neri, examiner Prof. Dr. R. Schibli, co-examiner

1. Summary The successful treatment of Cancer relies on the specific killing of neoplastic cells while sparing healthy tissues. Most of the currently available chemotherapeutics mainly affect cells in proliferation and thus have severe side effects. Therefore, the development of targeted therapies remains one of the most challenging fields in drug discovery. An attractive anticancer strategy consists in the targeted delivery of bioactive Compounds to the tumor environment with ligands that are specific to tumor-associated antigens. Such an approach improves the efficacy of the drug and reduces its side effects, leading to a better therapeutic index of the drug. Both the identification of pathology-associatedantigens (calledtargets) and the development of binding molecules (antibodies, peptides and small organic molecules) are crucial steps towards the developmentof ligand-based targeted therapies. At present, antibodies are the only general class of ligands which can be generated rapidly against virtually any antigen. In this thesis, we present the generation and characterisation of antibodies specific to two different epitopes of the large isoform of tenascin C. Tenascin C is a glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix which undergoes alternative splicing of several fibronectin type III homology repeats, leading to small and large tenascin C isoforms. The large isoform is predominantly expressed in a wide variety of tumors and is associated with tissue remodeling and angiogenesis.tenascin C is one of the most abundantproteins in the tumor stroma. Besides cancer cells, major sources of the large isoform of tenascin C include activated fibroblastsand endothelial cells. These properties make large isoforms of tenascin C an interesting and promising antigen for tumortargeting. We have isolated antibodies specific to the alternatively spliced domains A1 and D of tenascin C from the human recombinant antibody phage dispiay library 'ETH-2'. Antibodies were affinity matured by mutation of key residues in the CDR1 and CDR2 of the heavy and of the light chain. The highest affinity clones for each antigen, antibody F16 (anti-domain A1) and antibody P12 (anti-domain D), were cloned in small immunoprotein (SIP) format, resulting in bivalent mini-antibodies which offer a good compromise of molecular stability, clearance rate and tumor accumulation.both antibodies were tested in biodistribution studies in tumor-bearing mice, where they preferentially accumulatedin the tumor. F16 levels in the tumor persisted for several hours, whereas P12 levels decreasedwithin a few hours.

The tumor targeting Performance of F16 was compared to the one of L19, an antibody specific to the extra domain B of fibronectin, which is currently in clinical development. F16 was found to be equally efficient in tumor targeting as L19, suggesting that this tumortargeting antibody may present an interesting candidate for clinical developmentprograms.

1. Zusammenfassung Um Krebs erfolgreich zu behandeln, müssen neoplastische Zellen spezifisch zerstört werden, ohne dass dabei gesundes Gewebe beschädigt wird. Die meisten heutigen Krebstherapien genügen diesen Anforderungen nicht. Sie greifen proliferierende Zellen an und haben deswegenteils schwere Nebenwirkungen. Die Entwicklung gezielter Therapien ist deshalb eines der herausforderndsten Gebiete der modernen Wirkstoffforschung. Eine attraktive Anti-Krebs-Strategie ist der gezielte Transport (targeted delivery) von bioaktiven Substanzenzum Tumor mittels Liganden, welche an tumor-assoziertestrukturen binden. Die Wirksamkeit von Substanzenkann so erhöht und die Nebenwirkungen reduziert werden, was zu einem verbessertentherapeutischenindex führt. Sowohl die Identifizierung von Markermolekülen (sogenannten Targets), welche mit gewissen Pathologien assoziert sind, als auch die Entwicklung von Liganden, wie zum Beispiel Antikörpern, Peptiden oder kleinen organischen Molekülen, welche an eine gewünschte Struktur binden, sind äusserst wichtige Schritte in Richtung Liganden-basierter gezielter Tumortherapien. Zur Zeit sind Antikörper die einzige Klasse von Liganden, welche gegen praktisch jedes Antigen erzeugtwerden können. In dieser Doktorarbeit beschreiben wir die Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Antikörpern gegen zwei unterschiedliche Epitope der grossen Isoformvon Tenascin C. Tenscin C ist ein Glykoprotein der extrazelluiären Matrix. Es enthält etliche Fibronektin Typ III Homology Domänen, welche alternativ gespleisst werden, was zu einer grossen, respektive kleinen Isoform von Tenascin C führt. Die grosse Isoform ist vor allem in verschiedensten Tumoren vorhanden, wo sie in Zusammenhang mit Angiogenese und Gewebeumformungengebracht wird. Tenascin C ist eines der am häufigsten vorkommenden Proteine im Tumorstroma. Hergestellt wird es dort von Krebszellen als auch von aktivierten Fibroblasten und Endothelzellen. Diese Eigenschaften machen die grosse Isoform von Tenascin C zu einem vielversprechenden Antigen, welches für Liganden-basierte gezielte Therapien genutzt werden kann. Aus der humanen Phagen Display AntikörperBibliothek,ETH-2' haben wir Antikörper gegen die alternativ gespleissten Domänen A1 und D isoliert. Diese Antikörperwurden affinitätsmaturiert, indem Schlüsselpositionenin den CDR1 und CDR2 des Antikörpers mutiert wurden. Die beiden Antikörpermit der höchsten Affinität, F16 im Falle der Domäne A1 und P12 im Falle der Domäne D, wurden ins SIP Format kloniert. SIP steht für small

immunoprotein". Das SIP Format ist ein bivalentes Mini-Antikörper-Format, welches einen guten Kompromiss zwischen Stabilität, Clearance Rate und Anreicherung im Tumor liefert. Beide Antikörper wurden in Biodistributionsstudien an tumor-infizierten Mäusen getestet. Sowohl F16 als auch P12 reicherten sich im Tumor an. Die Anreicherung von F16 blieb im Tumor über längere Zeit hoch, während diejenige von P12 relativ schnell wieder absank. Die Effizienz von F16, mit welcher sich der Antkörper im Tumor anreichert, wurde verglichen mit derjenigenvon L19. L19 ist ein Antikörper, welcher die Extra-Domäne B von Fibronektin erkennt und momentan in klinischer Entwicklung ist. F16 hat ähnlich gute Resultate erzielt wie L19 und ist deshalb ein interessanter Kandidat für klinische Entwicklungsprogramme. 10