ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF DISTRIBUTION GRIDS WITH PHOTOVOLTAICS

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Diss. ETH No. 22001 ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF DISTRIBUTION GRIDS WITH PHOTOVOLTAICS A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by CHRISTOF BUCHER ETH Zurich and Basler & Hofmann AG born March 15 th, 1982 citizen of Switzerland accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Göran Andersson, ETH Zurich, examiner Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rolf Witzmann, TUM Munich, co-examiner 2014

Abstract The PV hosting capacity of a low voltage distribution grid is investigated in detail in this thesis. A simulation framework is set up in order to simulate various methods and approaches to increase the PV hosting capacity of a distribution grid. The simulation approach is mainly based on two algorithms: The first algorithm generates stochastic household load profiles and the second generates stochastic irradiance data, both using a sampling rate of one to five minutes for most simulations. Applying this data to an electrical power distribution grid containing a significant number of photovoltaic systems, realistic power flow and system voltage scenarios are obtained. The results are used to precisely answer a broad range of questions concerning grid integration of photovoltaic systems. The main purpose of this simulation framework is to find the maximum photovoltaic power which can be installed in a given distribution grid and to evaluate different measures to raise this limit. These methods consider 1) state of the art grid connection 2) correlation between load and PV 3) use of reactive power control 4) active power curtailment 5) orientation change of PV power systems 6) application of decentralised storage, 7) demand side management and 8) on load tap changing transformers. These methods are applied to three network cases: First to a lumped load and PV model consisting of one line and one load and PV cluster. In a second step, this model is extended to a radial feeder consisting of ten network nodes, and finally the simulation approach is tested in a case study using part of the distribution power grid of the city of Zurich. In the results of this thesis, it is shown that the PV hosting capacity of a distribution power grid can be increased significantly using the investigated methods and measures. The costs and benefits of every xiii

xiv Abstract method in terms of technical impacts on the PV power plants and the grid are quantified.

Kurzfassung In dieser Dissertation wird die Aufnahmekapazität eines Niederspannungsnetzes für Photovoltaik detailliert untersucht. Eine Simulationsumgebung zur Simulation von verschiedenen Methoden und Ansätzen zur Erhöhung der Aufnahmekapazität für PV eines Niederspannungs- Verteilnetzes wird vorgestellt. Der Simulationsansatz basiert vorwiegend auf zwei Algorithmen: Der erste generiert stochastische Haushaltslastprofile, der zweite stochastische Einstrahlungsdaten. Beide Algorithmen verwenden für die meisten Simulationen eine zeitliche Auflösung von einer bis fünf Minuten. Mit der Anwendung dieser generierten Daten auf ein elektrisches Verteilnetz mit einer signifikanten Anzahl PV-Anlagen werden realistische Aussagen zu Lastfluss und Systemspannungen erhalten. Die Resultate werden verwendet, um eine grosse Bandbreite an Fragen rund um die Netzintegration von PV-Anlagen zu beantworten. Der Hauptzweck der Simulationsumgebung ist es, die maximale PV- Leistung zu finden, welche in ein Niederspannungsnetz integriert werden kann. Verschiedene Methoden zur Netzintegration werden dabei untersucht. Diese Methoden beinhalten 1) die herkömmlichen Anschlussbedingungen nach DACHCZ, 2) die Berücksichtigung der Korrelation zwischen PV und Haushaltslasten, 3) Blindleistungsregelung, 4) Wirkleistungsreduktion, 5) unterschiedliche Neigungen und Ausrichtungen der PV-Module, 6) Lastmanagement, 7) dezentrale Speicher und 8) Stufentransformatoren. Diese Methoden werden auf drei Netzsituationen angewendet: Erstens ein stark vereinfachtes Netz bestehend auf einem festen Verknüpfungspunkt, einer Leitung und einem Netzknoten mit Last und PV. In einem zweiten Schritt wird eine Stichleitung mit zehn Last- und PV- Knoten untersucht, und drittens ein reales Niederspannungs-Verteilnetz der Stadt Zürich. xv

xvi Kurzfassung Die Resultate dieser Dissertation zeigen, dass die Aufnahmekapazität eines Niederspannungsnetzes für Photovoltaik signifikant erhöht werden kann, wenn die untersuchten Methoden und Ansätze implementiert werden. Der technische Aufwand und Ertrag der Methoden wird im Detail untersucht und quantifiziert.