Polarization Transfer Dynamics in Multi-Spin Systems Using the DREAM Scheme

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DISS. ETH NO. 19196 Polarization Transfer Dynamics in Multi-Spin Systems Using the DREAM Scheme A dissertation submitted to ETH ZÜRICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by THOMAS WESTFELD born September 9, 1979 citizen of the Federal Republic of Germany accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Beat H. Meier, examiner Prof. Dr. Roland Riek, co-examiner 2010

Abstract In this thesis two projects are presented which demonstrate the application of solidstate NMR on prion proteins and the characteristics of a polarization transfer method in the context of biomolecular NMR. Prion proteins are linked with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle or chronic wasting disease (CWD) in mule deer and elk. In humans known prion diseases are the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome and kuru. The protein is therefore transformed from a soluble state into an infectious prion state in which it aggregates to amyloid plaques which consist of protein fibrils. The prion protein HET-s studied in this work is from the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. In this organism the prion is involved in the recognition of the compatibility of other species before cell fusion. In this case the prion is not pathogenic, but has an important function for the fungus. Amyloids are not soluble and do not form crystals which make them inaccessible for standard protein structure determination techniques such as X-ray crystallography or liquid-state NMR. However solid-state NMR studies have been applied successfully to gain insight into the structure of prions. In the first project of this work a C-terminal fragment of HET-s from residue 156 to 289 is studied. This fragment can be divided into a prion forming domain from residue 218 to 289 and roughly the same number of residues which are located in the globular part of the protein from residue 156 to 217. It has been shown that the prion forming domain alone is able for form amyloid fibril which are infectious to the fungus but is not active with respect to its function to distinguish between compatible and non compatible cell fusion partners. In contrast the fragment studied here is in this respect biologically active. To characterize this fragment the protein was produced recombinantely by expression in E.coli. The uniformly 13 C and 15 N labeled sample was then used to collect xi

xii Abstract different 2D correlation spectra at ambient and low temperature. This data was compared to the analogous spectra of the prion forming domain alone. It was possible to show that the prion forming domain has the same structure in HET-s(156 289) and HET-s(218 289). The additional residues are visible in the spectrum at positions indicating that they are in a random coil. There are also resonances observed which indicate that some residues are in an alpha-helical conformation. The weak signal intensity and the observed random-coil chemical shift indicate that the part belonging to the globular domain of HET-s(156 289) is structurally disordered. The second project of this thesis demonstrates how a method for reintroducing the dipolar coupling in solid-state NMR under Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) can be tailored to facilitate the analysis of protein spectra. MAS is averaging the dipolar interaction between two spins. To use this dipolar coupling to promote polarization transfer it is reintroduced by applying radio frequency pulses. Such experiments are usually termed recoupling experiments. In this work the dipolar recoupling enhanced by amplitude modulation (DREAM) scheme is characterized when applied to multi-spin systems such as the proteinogenic amino acids. This scheme is used in the context of biomolecular NMR as an efficient transfer step in multi-dimensional spectra which are recorded for the assignment of resonances in the spectrum to the nuclei in the molecule. It has been observed that different experimental parameters can lead to spectra in which signals of different amino acids are missing. To investigate this effect the DREAM scheme was simulated numerically on single amino acids. It is demonstrated that the irradiation frequency during the mixing sequence is the experimental parameter influencing the presence of cross peaks the most. By comparing the cross-peaks intensity between CA and CB in all proteogenic amino acids excluding tryptophane it is shown that there are experimental conditions under which cross-peaks of certain amino acids are attenuated. The simulations are compared to DREAM spectra recorded on ubiquitin. It is shown that the quantummechanical simulation of single amino acids are a good measure to estimate the crosspeak intensity in a protein spectrum. Finally it is shown how the transfer patterns can be deduced from the different chemical shifts of the spins contributing to the dipolar coupling network and the irradiation frequency during mixing.

Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit besteht aus zwei Teilen. Im ersten Teil wird eine Festkörper-NMR Untersuchung an einem Fragment eines Prionproteins vorgestellt. Der zweite Teil befaßt sich mit den Eigenschaften einer Methode zum Polarisationstransfer, welche in der biomolekularen NMR ihre Anwendung findet. Prionenproteine sind das Pathogen in mehreren neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen wie z.b. Bovine spongiforme Enzephalopathie (BSE) in Rindern und chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Maultierhirschen und Elche. Bei Menschen sind bekannte Prionenkrankheiten die Creutzfeldt-Jakob Krankheit, das Gerstmann-Sträussler Syndrom und Kuru. Das Protein geht dabei von einer löslichen zu einer unlöslichen Form über. Diese aggregieren zu Amyloidablagerungen, welche wiederum aus Proteinfibrillen bestehen und das eigentliche Pathogen bilden. Das Prionprotein HET-s, welches in dieser Arbeit untersucht wird, stammt aus dem filamentösen Pilz Podospora anserina. In diesem Organismus steht es im Zusammenhang mit der Kompatibilitätserkennung anderes Spezies vor der Zellfusion. In diesem Fall hat das Prion keine pathogene Wirkung, sondern hat eine wichtige Function. Amyloide können nicht mit den beiden standard Proteinstrukturaufklärungsmethoden wie flüssig NMR oder Röntgenstrukturanalyse untersucht werden, da sie weder löslich sind noch Kristalle bilden. Strukturelle Informationen über Prionen konnten jedoch mit Hilfe der Festkörper-NMR erhalten werden. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit untersucht ein C-terminales Fragment von HET-s von Aminsäure 156 bis 289. Dieses Fragment kann in eine Prionendomäne von Aminosäure 218 bis 289 und einen ungefähr gleich langen Teil von Aminosäure 156 bis 217 unterteilt werden, wobei sich der letztere Teil in der globulären Domäne befindet. Es wurde gezeigt, dass ein Fragment welches ausschließlich aus der Prionendomäne besteht Amyloide bildet, welche für den Pilz infektiös sind. Es ist jedoch nicht in dem Sinne aktiv, daß kompatible Spezies vor der Zellfusion erkannt werden. Dies hingegen ist der Fall für das hier untersuchte Fragment. xiii

xiv Zusammenfassung Zur Charakterisierung dieses Konstrukts wurde es rekominant in E.Coli exprimiert. Von der uniform 13 C und 15 N isotopenangereicherten Probe wurden verschiedene 2D Korrelationsspektren bei Raumtemperatur und tiefer Temperatur aufgenommen. Diese wurde mit analogen Spektren eines separaten Konstrukts verglichen, welches ausschließlich aus der Prionendomäne besteht. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die Prionendomäne in HET-s(156 289) und HET-s(218 289) die gleiche Struktur hat. Die zusätzlichen Aminosäuren sind im Spektrum an Positionen sichtbar, die auf eine random-coil Struktur hindeuten. Allerdings gibt es auch Resonanzen, die eine alphahelikale Konformation einiger Aminosäuren nahelegen. Die geringe Signalintensität und die beobachteten random-coil chemischen Verschiebungen weisen darauf hin, daß die globuläre Domäne von HET-s(218 289) strukturell ungeordnet ist. Im zweiten Projekt wird gezeigt, wie eine Methode zur Wiedereinführung der Dipolkopplung in Festkörper-NMR gemessen unter Probenrotation am magischen Winkel magic angle spinning (MAS) angepasst werden kann, um die Analyse von Proteinspektren zu vereinfachen. Durch MAS wird die dipolare Wechselwirkung zweier Spins ausgemittelt. Um diese trotzdem zum Polarisationstransfer benutzen zu können, muss sie mittels Radiofrequenzpulsen wieder eingeführt werden. In dieser Arbeit wird die Anwendung der Wiedereinführung der dipolaren Wechselwirkung mittels Amplitudenmodulation, genannt dipolar recoupling enhanced by amplitude modulation (DREAM) in Vielspinsystemen wie Aminosäuren charakterisiert. Diese Methodik kommt im Kontext der biomolekularen NMR als effizienter Transferschritt in multi-dimensionalen Spektren zum Einsatz, welche zur Zuordnung der Resonanzen im Spektrum zu den Atomkernen im Molekül aufgenommen werden. Es wurde beobachtet, daß unterschiedliche experimentelle Parameter zu Spektren mit fehlenden Signalen bestimmter Aminosäuren führen können. Um dieses Phänomen zu untersuchen, wurde die DREAM Sequenz an einzelnen Aminosäuren numerisch simuliert. Die Einstrahlfrequenz während der Mischung beeinflußt an meisten das Auftreten von Kreuzsignalen. Durch einen Vergleich der Kreuzsignalintensitäten zwischen CA und CB in allen proteogen Aminosäuren außer Tryptophan wird gezeigt, daß unter bestimmten Bedingungen die Signale bestimmter Aminosäuren abgeschwächt werden. Diese Simulationen werden mit experimentellen DREAM Spektren von Ubiquitin verglichen. Abschließend wird gezeigt, wie die entstehenden Transfermuster aus den chemischen Verschiebungen der dipolar gekoppelten Spins und der Mischeinstrahlfrequenz hergeleitet werden können.