Essays on applied econometric analysis related to macroeconomics

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Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Essays on applied econometric analysis related to macroeconomics Author(s): Lechthaler, Filippo Publication Date: 2014 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010168216 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

DISS. ETH NO. 21805 Essays on Applied Econometric Analysis Related to Macroeconomics A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by FILIPPO LECHTHALER Master of Science in Business and Economics, University of Basel 7.12.1981 citizen of Val Müstair (GR) accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Lucas Bretschger Prof. Dr. Massimo Filippini 2014

Thesis Summary The empirical evaluation of macroeconomic concepts and theories relies on a broad variety of econometric tools. Different methodological approaches have been used to overcome difficulties in identifying causal effects in observed macroeconomic data. Typical problems for parameter estimation are imposed by a high incidence of simultaneity bias as well as imprecise data measurement. Accordingly, the field of applied econometric analysis related to macroeconomic research has frequently been subject to methodological discussions questioning the validity of existing work and, thus, highlighting the lack of credible empirical evaluation of theoretical findings. The present thesis contributes to this debate in two regards: first, we apply econometric methodology for exploring different macroeconomic hypotheses. Various identification strategies and methodological problems are discussed in order to properly verify theoretical findings from macroeconomic research. Second, we apply simulation analysis in order to evaluate different estimators leading future researchers towards more consistent results. The methodological discussion in this thesis is built around three broad topics which are all related to empirical macroeconomics: identification of economic structure in the analysis of time series data, parameter identification in the context of growth empirics, and structural stability. Based on a historical background, chapter 1 describes the emergence and development of these three general topics. Chapter 2 evaluates the determinants of the crude oil price after the year 2003. Specifically the price peak in the year 2008 has triggered an intense XV

XVI THESIS SUMMARY debate about its ultimate causes. The economic literature proposes different explanations reflecting fundamental market forces (current supply and demand) and forward-looking market activities. We use a structural VAR model to disentangle the corresponding effects on the price surge after 2003. We find that market activities based on expectations regarding future market conditions have played a dominant role for the price development. Chapter 3 and 4 both deal with economic growth. Chapter 3 analyses energy as a determinant of long-run economic growth in a cross-country analysis. Different estimation strategies related to panel data analysis are explored in order to identify the corresponding causal effect. We allow energy use to influence economic growth through an input substitution effect, that is through capital accumulation. Results suggest that the energy input is especially important as a growth determinant for emerging countries. Chapter 4 looks at the role of economic growth for the Japanese stock market. More specifically, using regression analyses and different statistical tests related to structural stability, we find that the presence of different growth regimes - the high growth period until the 1990s and the stagnation period in the following years - have a crucial impact on the stock pricing process. Chapter 5 provides a simulation analysis evaluating bias properties of estimators in the context of growth regressions. We apply bias-correction terms for the lagged dependent variable and compare bias performances with more conventional estimators. Results suggest that although the correction term improves estimation properties for the parameter related to the lagged dependent variable, it does not outperform the other estimators in term of overall bias.

Kurzfassung Die empirische Auswertung makroökonomischer Konzepte und Theorien basiert auf einer grossen Vielfalt von ökonometrischen Methoden. Verschiedene Ansätze wurden zur Identifizierung kausaler Effekte aus makroökonomischen Daten eingesetzt. Typische Probleme der Parameter Schätzungen sind beispielsweise Verzerrungen aufgrund des Simultanitätsproblems sowie unpräzise Datenmessung. Das Themengebiet der öknometrischen Analyse in makroökonomischen Anwendungen ist dadurch vermehrt Gegenstand methodischer Debatten, wobei die Glaubwürdigkeit bestehender wissenschaflticher Beiträge in Frage gestellt und somit mangelhafte empirische Evaluation bestehender Theorien verzeichnet wird. Die vorliegende Arbeit trägt auf zwei Weisen zu dieser Diskussion bei: einerseits verwenden wir ökonometrische Methoden um makroökonomische Hypothesen auszuwerten. Wir diskutieren verschiedene Identifikationsstrategien und methodische Probleme um entsprechende theoretische Erkenntnisse aus der ökonomischen Literatur empirisch zu verifizieren. Andereseits verwenden wir Simulationsanalysen um Schätzungsmethoden zu evaluieren. Die Resultate sollen künftigen Forschern zu genaueren Resultaten verhelfen. Der methodische Inhalt dieser Arbeit basiert auf drei generellen Themen: die Identifikation von ökonomischer Struktur in der Analyse von Zeitreihen, die Identifikation von Parametern in Wachstumsregressionen und strukturelle Stabilität. Diese drei Theme werden im ersten Kapitel anhand eines historisch-methodolgischen Hintergrunds genauer vorgestellt. In Kapitel 2 evaluieren wir die Determinanten des Erdölpreises nach dem Jahr XVII

XVIII KURZFASSUNG 2003. Vor allem das Preishoch im Jahr 2008 hat eine intensive Debatte zu möglichen Einflussfaktoren ausgelöst. In der öknomischen Literatur werden dafür verschieden Erklärungen geliefert. Diese widerspiegeln grundsätzlich zwei Erklärungsansätze: fundamentale Marktfaktoren (gegenwärtiges Angebot und gegenwärtige Nachfrage) sowie vorausschauende ( spekulative ) Markttätigkeiten. Wir verwenden ein strukturelles VAR Modell um die entsprechenden Effekte aufzuschlüsseln. Wir schlussfolgern, dass der Preisanstieg grösstenteils durch vorausschauende Markttätigkeiten verursacht wurde. Kapitel 3 und 4 sind beides empirische Anwendungen zum Thema Wirtschaftswachstum. In Kapitel 3 untersuchen wir anhand eines Ländervergleichs was die Rolle von Energie für Wirtschaftswachstum ist. Wir benutzen verschiedene Schätzungsverfahren aus der Paneldaten-Literatur um den kausalen Effekt von Energie auf Wachstum zu identifizieren. Die Resultate zeigen, dass Energie als Produktionsfaktor lediglich für Schwellenländer eine entscheidende Rolle spielt und dass dort eine Reduktion des Energieverbrauchs auch Wachstumseinbussen zur Folge hat. Kapitel 4 betrachtet die Rolle von Wirtschaftswachstum für den japanischen Aktienmarkt. Wir verwenden Regressionsanalysen und Testverfahren zu struktureller Stabilität um aufzuzeigen, dass der Einfluss von zwei markanten Wachstums-Regimen in Japan (hohes Wachstum bis in die 1990er Jahre und danach Stagnation) einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Preisbestimmungsprozesse im Aktienmarkt hat. Kapitel 5 umfasst eine Simulationsanalyse, mit welcher wir verschiedene Schätzungsverfahren für Wachstumsregressionen auswerten. Wir verwenden ein Verzerrungs-Korrektur-Verfahren für die verzögerte abhängige Variable und vergleichen dessen Eigenschaften mit üblichen Schätzverfahren. Die Resultate zeigen, dass das Korrekturverfahren die Schätzgenauigkeit für die verzögerte abhängige Variable verbessert. Betrachtet man aber die durchschnittliche Verzerrung über alle Modell-Parameter, schliessen die üblichen Methoden besser ab.