Combining Lock-Free Programming with Cooperative Multitasking for a Portable Multiprocessor Runtime System

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Combining Lock-Free Programming with Cooperative Multitasking for a Portable Multiprocessor Runtime System Author(s): Negele, Florian Publication Date: 2014 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 DISS. ETH NO Combining Lock-Free Programming with Cooperative Multitasking for a Portable Multiprocessor Runtime System A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by FLORIAN NEGELE MSc ETH CS, ETH Zurich born 15 August 1981 citizen of the Principality of Liechtenstein accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Jürg Gutknecht, examiner Prof. Dr. Thomas Gross, co-examiner Prof. Dr. Bernhard Egger, co-examiner 2014

3 Abstract The application of mutual exclusion in order to protect shared data from concurrent access is a recurring programming pattern found in contemporary application software. Although alternatives to blocking synchronisation like lock-free programming solve several critical problems and offer better progress guarantees, they have not become as popular. This especially applies to operating system kernels that provide support for multiprocessing environments. This thesis describes our approach to design and implement an operating system kernel which is based solely on non-blocking algorithms. Its goal is to provide a completely lock-free runtime system for object-oriented programming languages that support concurrency and automatic memory management. We also strived for an uncompromisingly high portability of its source code and replaced all features provided by the hardware with machine-independent software solutions wherever possible. In particular, we abandoned the prevalent preemptive scheduler of modern systems in favour of a compiler-guaranteed cooperative multitasking. The combination of lock-free programming with cooperative multitasking presents a novel approach and enables several practical and beneficial non-blocking programming techniques such as processor-local storage. The result of this work is a concise and reliable operating system kernel providing flexible language support for multithreading and garbage collection. Its source code is easily portable to a variety of hardware architectures ranging from powerful multicore machines to small embedded devices and microcontrollers. In addition, its rigorous machine independence also allows the runtime system to be used as a library for applications running on top of existing operating systems. Despite its simplicity, the performance of our lock-free approach is often comparable to established and optimised operating systems and is clearly superior to solutions based on locking. ix

4 Kurzfassung Die heutige Softwareentwicklung setzt häufig Verfahren des wechselseitigen Ausschlusses ein, um gemeinsam genutzte Daten vor gleichzeitigem Zugriff nebenläufiger Prozesse zu schützen. Vielversprechende Alternativen zu dieser blockierenden Art der Prozesssynchronisation wie beispielsweise die lockfreie Programmierung lösen zahlreiche der damit verbundenen Probleme, sind aber längst nicht so weit verbreitet. Vor allem Betriebssystemkerne für Mehrprozessorsysteme bauen immer noch häufig auf gegenseitige Zugriffssperren. Diese Arbeit geht dem Entwurf und der Entwicklung eines Betriebssystemkerns nach, welcher stattdessen ausschliesslich auf nicht blockierenden Algorithmen basiert. Das Ziel des Kerns ist es, ein durchgängig lockfreies Laufzeitsystem für objektorientierte Programmiersprachen mit Unterstützung für Nebenläufigkeit und automatischer Speicherbereinigung anzubieten. Ein weiteres Anliegen ist die kompromisslose Portabilität des Quellcodes, welche soweit möglich versucht, hardwarespezifische Funktionalitäten durch unabhängige Softwarelösungen zu ersetzen. Das bedeutendste Beispiel für diesen Ansatz stellt die Verwendung von kooperativem Multitasking dar, welches als Ersatz für das typischerweise präemptive Scheduling moderner Systeme zum Einsatz kommt. Die Verbindung von lockfreier Programmierung mit kooperativem Multitasking wurde bislang kaum ausgenutzt und ermöglicht einige praktische Programmiertechniken, die für die Entwicklung von nicht blockierenden Algorithmen von grossem Vorteil sind. Das Ergebnis dieser Dissertation ist ein schlanker und zuverlässiger Betriebssystemkern mit flexibler Sprachunterstützung für Multithreading und Garbage Collection. Der Quellcode ist mühelos auf eine Vielzahl von Hardwarearchitekturen portierbar und läuft sowohl auf leistungsstarken Mehrkernrechnern als auch eingebetteten Systemen und Mikrocontrollern. xi

5 Die konsequent umgesetzte Maschinenunabhängigkeit erlaubt es dem Laufzeitsystem ausserdem, als Bibliothek für Applikationen bestehender Betriebssysteme zur Verfügung zu stehen. Die Auswertung der vorliegenden Arbeit hat gezeigt, dass die Leistungsfähigkeit unserer unkomplizierten und lockfreien Implementation in einigen Bereichen durchaus mit der von bewährten und optimierten Betriebssystemen vergleichbar ist. Dies gilt vor allen Dingen für Systeme, welche auf blockierender Prozesssynchronisation beruhen. xii

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