Polarization effects of the spectral thermal emission from ferromagnets
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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Polarization effects of the spectral thermal emission from ferromagnets Author(s): Brönnimann, Rolf Publication Date: 1986 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library
2 Diss. ETH No POLARIZATION EFFECTS OF THE SPECTRAL THERMAL EMISSION FROM FERROMAGNETS A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ZUERICH for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences presented by ROLF BRO'NNIMANN Dip!. Phys. ETH born March 23, 1956 citizen of Zimmerwald/BE accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. F.K. Kneubuhl, examiner Prof. Dr. W. Baltensperger, co-examiner 1986
3 Summary Magneto-optical effects are usually investigated by reflection or transmission measurements. An alternative is the experimental study of the spectral thermal emission from a heated magnetized sample. In this paper we report on experiments and theory of two magneto-optical effects related to the spectral thermal emission from ferromagnets. The first effect was discovered by Miiller et al. in They demon strated that the spectral thermal emission of an axially magnetized iron rod exhibits a partial circular polarization. We have measured this effect In the spectal range from 0.25 ev to 2 ev for a set of iron-cobalt alloys. The spectra show a maximum at low energies. With increasing photon energy the polarization decreases and changes its sign at 1.35 ev, 1.50 ev and 1.65 ev for the alloys Fe79Co21, FessCo^s and Fe3iCo69, respectively. With a specific theoretical mo del we have succeeded to explain the dependence of the effect on the wavelength and on the cobalt concentration. In relation to the above effect we have discovered that the thermal radiation emitted from a ferromagnetic sample magnetized parallel to its surface is partially linearly polarized. This effect is even with respect to the magnetization and of the order of 10"3 for saturated iron. We have determined experimentally this linear polarization as a function of the wavelength, the temperature and the external field. In the spectral range of 0.25 ev to 1.25 ev minima have been observed at 0.3 ev, 0.45 ev and 0.6 ev for Fe79Co2i, Fe55Coi,5 and Fe31Co69, respectively, and maxima at 0.5 ev, 0.75 ev, 1 ev and 1.15 ev for iron, Fe79Co2j, Fe55Coi,5 and Fe31Co69, respectively. These spectra show a shift to higher energies for increasing cobalt concentration in analogy to the spectra of the circular polarization effect. Fur thermore, we have measured the dependence of the polarization on the temperature from 600 K up to the Curie temperature where the effect vanishes. The polarization decreases almost linearly with rising tem perature for iron and Fe3 Co69. However, for Fe79Co2i and FessCo^s the polarization shows a sharp drop at the Curie temperature, which can be associated with the phase transition from bcc to fee. In addi tion, Fe55Coi,5 shows a hysteresis of linear polarization for rising
4 and falling temperature. The origin Is the order-disorder transition at 1000 K. Our study demonstrates that the measurement of polarization effects of the spectral thermal emission is supplementary to the standard transmission and reflection measurements and, therefore, is a valu able tool for the investigation of magneto-optical effects.
5 Zusammenfassung Magneto-optische Effekte werden ublicherweise mit Transmissions- oder Reflektionsmessungen untersucht. Als Alternative dazu kann man die thermische Strahlung von erhitzten magnet isierten Proben untersuchen. In dieser Arbeit berichten wir iiber Experiment und Theorie von zwei in Emission gemessenen magneto-optischen Effekten. Der erste Effekt wurde 1977 von Mu'ller et al. entdeckt. Sie konnten nachweisen, dass die spektrale thermische Strahlung eines axial mag net isierten Eisenstabes teilweise zirkular magnetisiert ist. Wir ha ben in der Folge den Effekt an einer Reihe von Eisen-Kobalt Legierungen im Bereich von 0.25 ev bis 2 ev untersucht. Zwischen 0.3 ev und 0.5 ev zeigen die Polarisations-Spektren ein Maximum. Mit steigender Photonenenergie ninmt die Polarisation ab und wechselt das Vorzeichen bei 1.35 ev fur Fe79Co2i, bei 1.5 ev fur FessCo^j und bei 1.65 ev fur Fe31Coj9. Mit einem theoretischen Model! konnten wir die Abhahgigkeit der Spektren von der Wellenlange und der Kobaltkonzentration erklaren. Ausgehend vom oben erwaltnten Effekt fanden wir, dass die thermische Strahlung von einer parallel zur Oberflache magnetisierten Probe teilweise linear polarisiert ist. Dieser neue magneto-optische Effekt wurde an Eisen und Eisen-Kobalt Legierungen 1m Bereich von 0.25 ev bis 1.25 ev untersucht. Die lineare Polarisation 1st bezu'glich der Magnetisierung ein gerader Effekt und von der Grossenordnung 10~3. Die Spektren zeigen bei niedrigen Energien ein Minimum und bei hoheren Energien ein Maximum. Die Minima befinden sich bei 0.3 ev, 0.45 ev und 0.6 ev fur Fe79Co2i, Fe55Coi,5 und Fe31Co69 und die Maxima bei 0.5 ev, 0.75 ev, 1 ev und 1.15 ev fur Eisen, Fe79Co2i, Fe55Co,,5 und Fe3JCo69. Die Polarisations-Spektren werden wie beim zirkularen Ef fekt mit zunehmendem Kobaltanteil zu hoheren Energien verschoben. Ferner haben wir die Temperaturabhangigkeit der Polarisation zwischen 600 K und der Curie-Temperatur Tc gemessen. Die Polarisation nimmt mit zunehmender Temperatur ab und verschwindet bei Tc. Bei den Pro ben Fe79Co2j und FessCo^ falit die Polarisation bei Tc unstetig auf Null, da bei der Curie-Temperatur die o-phase in die y-phase iibergeht. Zusatzlich zeigt die lineare Polarisation fur FessCo^s eine
6 Hysterese fur steigende und fallende Temperatur. Die Ursache 1st die "order-disorder" Phasenumwandlung bei 1000 K. Zusammenfassend erweist sich die Messung der partiellen Polarisation der spektralen thermischen Strahlung als eine ergainzende Methode und ein nutzliches Instrument zur Untersuchung von magneto-optischen Ef fekt en.
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