Travel behaviour modelling for scenarios with exceptional events Methods and implementations

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Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Travel behaviour modelling for scenarios with exceptional events Methods and implementations Author(s): Dobler, Christoph Publication Date: 2013 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010019952 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

DISS. ETH NO. 21272 TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR MODELLING FOR SCENARIOS WITH EXCEPTIONAL EVENTS - METHODS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by CHRISTOPH DOBLER Master of Science (TUM), Technische Universität München born on 04.07.1982 citizen of Austria accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Kay W. Axhausen, examiner Prof. Dr. Kai Nagel, co-examiner 2013

Abstract Over the past years, micro-simulations have become increasingly important as supporting tool for the decision making process in the fields of traffic analysis and traffic management. In contrast to traditonally used aggregated models, they are able to produce a larger range of outputs including detailed information on each synthetic traveller. Moreover, the decision making process of each person can be modelled individually. Common tools that use micro-simulations anticipate that the simulated scenario represents a typical day where no unexpected events occur. Furthermore, they assume that each traveller act as a homo oeconomicus. Related to this is the assumption that all travellers have complete information, for example about the traffic flows or the available capacity in parking spaces. If a scenario contains events that cannot or only partially be forseen, this assumption is not valid anymore. Simulating such scenarios with a common simulation based tool could lead to illogical behaviour of the simulated population or even false results. The interest in such scenarios has grown in recent years. Therefore, this dissertation describes in detail how the simulation framework MAT- Sim was extended to support scenarios with exceptional events. The extent of such events can range from small scale to large scale. While the first ones have limited spacial impacts, the latter ones have major impacts on the transport systems and the behaviour of the affected population. A car accident would be a small scale incident while earthquakes or terrorist attacks would be examples for large scale incidents. To support such scenarios, several extensions have been integrated into the framework. In a first step, the ability to simulate pedestrians, cyclists and car passengers is added to the framework. So far, those transport modes were not simulated in detail and the travel times were based on assumptions. As a result, the positions of agents travelling using one of those modes were not known. The implemented multi-modal simulation extension produces more accurate travel times and allows tracking agents while they are travelling.

Abstract As a second step, the within-day replanning simulation approach is discussed and its implementation is presented. In contrast to the traditional, iterative approach in transport simulations, only a single iteration has to be performed. The simulated agents are able to adapt their scheduled plans during this iteration in order to increase their utility. The abilities of the implemented extensions are highlighted by conducting illustrative experiments. Finally, the combined application of all extensions is presented in a large-scale scenario where a severe incident in a nuclear power plant is simulated. xii

Zusammenfassung In den vergangenen Jahren wurden Mikro-Simulationen als unterstützendes Werkzeug für den Entscheidungsprozess in den Bereichen Verkehrsanalyse und Verkehrsmanagement immer wichtiger. Im Gegensatz zu den traditionell angewendeten aggregierten Modellen, sind sie in der Lage eine grössere Bandbreite an Ergebnissen zu liefern, wozu auch detaillierte Informationen über einzelne synthetische Reisende zählen. Zusätzlich ermöglichen sie es, den Entscheidungprozess jeder Person individuell zu modellieren. Üblicherweise verwendete Werkzeuge die Mikro-Simulationen nutzen gehen davon aus, dass das simulierte Szenario einen gewöhnlichen Tag beschreibt, an dem keine unerwarteten Ereignisse auftreten. Zudem wird davon ausgegangen, dass jeder Reisende sich wie ein Homo Oeconomicus verhält. Damit verbunden ist die Annahme, dass alle Reisenden über vollständige Informationen verfügen, beispielsweise bezüglich der Verkehrsflüsse oder der Verfügbarkeit freier Parkplätze. Enthält ein Szenario Ereignisse, die nicht oder nur teilweise vorhergesehen werden können, so sind diese Annahme nicht mehr gültig. Werden solche Szenarien mit einer herkömmlichen Simulation untersucht, kann dies zu unlogischem Verhalten der simulierten Bevölkerung oder gänzlich falschen Ergebnissen führen. Das Interesse an solchen Szenarien ist in den letzten Jahren gestiegen. Diese Dissertation beschreibt detailliert wie das Simulationswerkzeug MATSim um die Möglichkeit erweitert wurde, Szenarien mit aussergewöhnlichen Ereignissen abbilden zu können. Das Ausmass solcher Ereignisse kann unterschiedlich gross sein. Während kleine Zwischenfälle nur geringe Auswirkungen und einen räumlich beschränkten Einfluss haben, können grosse Ereignisse sich massgeblich auf die Verkehrsysteme und das Verhalten der betroffenen Bevölkerung auswirken. Ein Autounfall wäre etwa ein kleiner Zwischenfall während Erdbeeben oder terroristische Anschläge Beispiele für schwerwiegende Ereignisse wären. Um solche Szenarien simulieren und untersuchen zu können, wurde eine Reihe von Erweiterungen in das Softwarepaket integriertet. In ei-

Zusammenfassung nem ersten Schritt wurde das Simulationswerkzeug um die Möglichkeit Fussgänger, Fahrradfahrer und Mitfahrer in Personenwagen zu simulieren erweitert. Bisher wurden diese Fortbewegungsarten nicht detailliert simuliert. Zudem basierten die Reisezeiten auf einer Reihe von Annahmen. Als Folge dieses vereinfachten Ansatzes war der genaue Aufenthaltsort von Personen, welche diese Fortbewgungsarten nutzen, nicht bekannt. Die implementierte multi-modale Erweiterung der Mikro-Simulation liefert bessere Reisezeitabschätzungen und auch während der Fortbewegung genaue Positionsinformationen. In einem zweiten Schritt wird der Within-day Replanning Simulationsansatz vorgestellt und seine Implementierung beschrieben. Im Gegensatz zum traditionellen, iterativen Vorgehen von Transportsimulationen wird lediglich eine einzige Iteration ausgeführt. Die simulierten Agenten sind in der Lage ihre geplanten Tagesabläufe während dieser Iteration anzupassen und dadurch zu optimieren. Der Funktionsumfang der einzelnen Erweiterungen wird durch Experimente aufgezeigt. Abschliessend werden die Erweiterungen gemeinsam für die Simulation eines Szenarios genutzt, welches einen schwerwiegenden Zwischenfall in einem Atomkraftwerk beschreibt. xiv