Vollzug Umwelt RICHTLINIEN. Einstufung von Organismen. Parasiten. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft BUWAL

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1 Vollzug Umwelt RICHTLINIEN Einstufung von Organismen Parasiten Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft BUWAL

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3 Vollzug Umwelt RICHTLINIEN Einstufung von Organismen Parasiten Herausgegeben vom Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft BUWAL Bern, 003

4 Rechtlicher Stellenwert dieser Publikation Diese Publikation ist eine Vollzugshilfe des BUWAL als Aufsichtsbehörde und richtet sich primär an die Vollzugsbehörden. Sie konkretisiert unbestimmte Rechtsbegriffe von Gesetzen und Verordnungen und soll eine einheitliche Vollzugspraxis ermöglichen. Das BUWAL veröffentlicht solche Vollzugshilfen (oft auch als Richtlinien, Wegleitungen, Empfehlungen, Handbücher, Praxishilfen u.ä. bezeichnet) in seiner Reihe «Vollzug Umwelt». Die Vollzugshilfen gewährleisten einerseits ein grosses Mass an Rechtsgleichheit und Rechtssicherheit; andererseits ermöglichen sie im Einzelfall flexible und angepasste Lösungen. Berücksichtigen die Vollzugsbehörden diese Vollzugshilfen, so können sie davon ausgehen, dass sie das Bundesrecht rechtskonform vollziehen. Andere Lösungen sind nicht ausgeschlossen, gemäss Gerichtspraxis muss jedoch nachgewiesen werden, dass sie rechtskonform sind. Herausgeber Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL) Das BUWAL ist ein Amt des Eidg. Departements für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation (UVEK) Experte Prof. Dr. Bruno Gottstein, Uni Bern, Institut für Parasitologie Bezug PDF (eine gedruckte Fassung ist nicht erhältlich) Code: VU-4400-D BUWAL 003

5 1. Einleitung Vorbemerkung Mit dem Erlass der Verordnung über den Umgang mit Organismen in geschlossenen Systemen (Einschliessungsverordnung, ESV) hat der Bundesrat das Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL) beauftragt, Listen der zugeordneten Organismen und der biologischen Sicherheitssysteme zu führen (Art. ESV). Mit diesen Listen soll der Vollzug der Einschliessungsverordnung und der mit dieser verknüpften Verordnung über den Schutz der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer vor Gefährdung durch Mikroorganismen (SAMV) erleichtert und harmonisiert werden. Zur Klassierung der Parasiten sind im Auftrag des Bundesamtes für Gesundheit (BAG) Listen von human- und tierpathogenen Parasiten ausgearbeitet worden. Die Listen sind anschliessend vom BUWAL mit dem Einverständnis des BAG dem Bundesamt für Veterinärwesen (BVET), dem Bundesamt für Landwirtschaft (BLW), dem Staatsekretariat für Wirtschaft (seco) und der Schweiz. Unfallversicherungsanstalt (SUVA) sowie der Eidg. Fachkommission für biologische Sicherheit und der ERFA Bio (Arbeitsgruppe der Vollzugsstellen der Kantone) zur Stellungnahme unterbreitet worden. Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung dieser Liste durch das BUWAL erfolgt im Einvernehmen mit allen beteiligten Bundesstellen.

6 4 Abkürzungen Z Zoonotische Parasiten (Parasiten, die von Wirbeltieren auf Menschen (und umgekehrt) übertragbar sind, beziehungsweise Parasiten, die Wirbeltiere infizieren und in diesen ein wichtiges Reservoir bilden können) * PAM: Primary amebic meningoencephalitis GAE: Granulomatous amebic encephalitis all parasite species of the designated class not specified in this list are to be attributed to the risk group RES limited danger of transmission, as most parasitic organisms are usually not transmitted through the respiratory tract. Grundlagen Europäische Richtlinie 90/679/EWG Bundesgesundheitsblatt 40, 1 (1997) Sonderbeilage Merkblatt B 005/001 BGl 63; Sichere Biotechnologie, Einstufung biologischer Arbeitsstoffe: Parasiten Europäische Richtlinie 000/54/EU HHS Publication No. (CDC) summary of classification of biological agents according to risk Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories (4 th edition, April 1999). US Public Health Service, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, and National Institutes of Health

7 . Parasites affecting Human Health 5 Parasitic Organism Group Remarks Acanthamoeba castellani (PAM and GAE ) 3 Z Acanthamoeba culbertsoni Z Acanthamoeba polyphaga Z Acanthamoeba spp. (other species than listed) Z ACANTHOCEPHALEA Acanthocheilonema spp. -> Dipetalonema Aedes spp. 1 Z Alaria alata Z Amblyomma maculaturum (toxinogenic) Amblyomma spp. (non-toxinogenic) 1 Ancylostoma duodenale Ancylostoma spp. (other species than listed) Z Angiostrongylus cantonensis Z Angiostrongylus costaricensis Angiostrongylus spp. (other species than listed) Anisakis spp. (and other marine ascarids, pathogenic for humans) Z Anopheles spp. 1 Z ARACHNEA Argas walkerae (toxinogenic) Z Argas spp. (non-toxinogenic) 1 Z

8 6 Armillifer armilatus Z Ascaris lumbricoides Ascaris suum Z Babesia divergens Z Babesia microti Z Babesia spp. (other species than listed, pathogenic for humans) Z Balamuthia mandrillaris (GAE ) 3 Z Balantidium coli Z Baylisascaris procyonis Z Bilharziella polonica Z Blastocystis hominis 1 Z Brachiola vesicularum Brugia malayi (and other human-pathogenic species) Brugia pahangi Calliphora spp. (pathogenic for humans) Z Capillaria philippinensis Capillaria spp. (pathogenic for humans) Z CESTODEA Chrysomya spp. (pathogenic for humans)

9 7 Chrysops spp. 1 Cimex spp. 1 Z Clonorchis sinensis Z Clonorchis (= Opisthorchis) viverrini Z Cochliomyia hominivorax Z Contracaecum spp. -> see Anisakis Cordylobia spp. (pathogenic for humans)c Z Cryptosporidium parvum Z Cryptosporidium spp. (other species than listed) Z Culex spp. 1 Z Culicoides spp. 1 Z Ctenophalides spp. (pathogenic for humans) Z Cyclospora cayetanensis Demodex folliculorum Dermacentor andersoni (toxinogenic) Z Dermacentor variabilis (toxinogenic) Z Dermacentor spp. (non-toxinogenic) 1 Dermanissus gallinae 1 Z Dermatobia spp. (pathogenic for humans) Z Dicrocoelium dendriticum Z DIGENEA

10 8 Dioctophyme renale Z Dipetalonema (= Mansonella) perstans Z Dipetalonema (= Mansonella) streptocerca Dipetalonema (= Mansonella) ozzardi Diphyllobotrium latum Z Diphyllobotrium spp. (pathogenic for humans) Z Dipylidium caninum Z Dirofilaria spp (pathogenic for humans) Z Dracunculus medinensis Z Echinococcus multilocularis RES /patent infections in hosts other stages 3 Z Echinococcus vogeli RES /patent infections in hosts other stages 3 Z Echinococcus oligarthrus RES /patent infections in hosts other stages 3 Z Echinocostoma ilocanum Z Encephalitozoon spp. Z Endolimax nana 1 Z Entamoeba dispar 1 Z Entamoeba histolytica Entamoeba spp. (other species than listed) 1

11 9 Enterobius vermicularis Enterocytozoon spp. Z Fannia spp. Z Fasciola gigantica Z Fasciola hepatica Z Fasciolopsis buski Gastrodiscoides hominis Z Giardia lamblia (= G. intestinalis, = G. duodenalis) Z Glossina spp. 1 Z Gnathostoma spp. (pathogenic for humans) Gongylonema pulchrum Z Haematopota spp. 1 Z Hartmanella -> see Acanthamoeba Heterophyes heterophyes Z Hyalomma truncatum (toxinogenic) Hyalomma spp. (non-toxinogenic) 1 Hymenolepis diminuta Z Hymenolepis nana Hypoderma spp. (pathogenic for humans Z

12 10 INSECTEA Isospora belli Isospora natalensis Ixodes holocyclus Z Ixodes spp. (other species than listed and toxinogenic) Z Ixodes ricinus 1 Z Ixodes spp. (other species than listed and non-toxinogenic) 1 Z Jodamoeba buetschlii 1 Lagochilascaris minor Leishmania brasiliensis Complex (e.g. L. brasiliensis, L. guyanensis, L. panamensis) RES / in vector other stages 3 Z Leishmania donovani Complex (e.g. L. donovani, L. infantum, L. chagasi) RES / in vector other stages 3 Z Leishmania mexicana Complex (e.g. L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, L. pifanoi) Z Leishmania peruviana Z Leishmania spp. (other species than listed) Leishmania tropica Complex (e.g. L. tropica, L. major, L. aethiopica) Z

13 11 Linguatula serrata Z Loa loa Lucilia spp. Z Lutzomyia spp. 1 Z Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus 1 Z Mansonella -> see Dipetalonema Meningonema spp. (pathogenic for humans) Metagonimus yokogawai Z Metorchis conjuctus Microsporidium spp. (isolated from humans) Moniliformis moniliformis Naegleria fowleri (PAM*) 3 Naegleria spp. (other species than listed) Nanophyetus salmincola Z Necator americanus Necator spp. Z NEMATODEA Neotrombicula autumnalis 1 Z Nosema spp. Z

14 1 Oesophagostomum spp. (pathogenic for humans) Z Onchocerca volvulus Onchocerca spp. (other species than listed and pathogenic for humans) Opisthorchis felineus Z Opisthorchis spp. (see also Clonorchis) Ornithobilharzia spp. (pathogenic for humans) Z Paragonimus spp. (pathogenic for humans) Z Pediculus spp. Phocanema spp. -> see Anisakis Z Phlebotomus spp. 1 Phtirus pubis Plasmodium falciparum RES / in vector other stages 3 Plasmodium spp. (except P. falciparum) Pleistophora spp. Pneumocystis carinii Z Pseudoterranova decipiens Z Pulex irritans

15 13 Rhipicephalus simus (toxinogenic) Rhipicephalus sanguineus Rhipicephalus spp. (other species than listed) Sarcophaga spp. (pathogenic for humans) Sarcoptes scabiei Sarcocystis spp. (isolated from humans) Z Schistosoma haematobium Z Schistosoma intercalatum Z Schistosoma japonicum Z Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma mekongi Z Simulium spp. (toxinogenic) Z Spirocerca lupi Z Spirometra mansonoides (and other species causing sparganosis) Z Strongyloides stercoralis Strongyloides spp. Z Tabanus spp. 1 Z Taenia asiatica Z Taenia crassiceps Z

16 14 Taenia multiceps RES / patent infections in hosts other stages 3 Z Taenia saginata Z Taenia serialis RES / patent infections in hosts other stages 3 Z Taenia solium RES / patent infections in hosts other stages 3 Z Ternidens deminutus Z Thelazia spp. (pathogenic for humans) Z Toxocara canis Z Toxocara cati (= T. mystax) Z Toxoplasma gondii Z Trachipleistophora spp. (isolated from humans) Trichinella spralis Z Trichinella spp. (other species than listed) Z Trichobilharzia spp. (pathogenic for humans) Z Trichomonas vaginalis Trichomonas spp. (other species than listed) 1 Trichostrongylidae spp. (pathogenic for humans)s Z Trichuris trichiura Trypanosoma brucei brucei

17 15 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense RES / in vector other stages 3 Z Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense RES / in vector other stages 3 Z Trypanosoma cruzi 3 Z Tunga penetrans Uncinaria stenocephala Z Vittaforma corneae Watsonius watsoni Wohlfartia spp. (pathogenic for humans) Z Wuchereria bancrofti Wuchereria spp (other species than listed and pathogenic for humans).

18 16 3. PARASITES AFFECTING ANIMAL HEALTH Parasitic Organism Group Remarks Acanthamoeba spp. (PAM and GAE ) 3 Z Acanthamoeba spp. (not causing PAM and GAE ) Z Acanthamoeba polyphaga Z Acanthamoeba spp. (other species than listed) Z ACANTHOCEPHALEA Acarapis woodi Acuaria (syn. Cheilospirura) hamulosa. Aedes spp. 1 Z Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Agriostomum vryburgi Alaria alata (and other species) Z Amblyomma hebraeum (and other species) 1 Amidostomum anseris Amidostomum boschadis (syn. A. acutum) Amoebotaenia cuneata (syn. A. sphenoides) Amphimerus anatis Ancylostoma caninum Z Ancylostoma spp. (other species than listed) Z Andrya cuniculi Angiostrongylus (syn. Parastrongylus) cantonensis Z Angiostrongylus vasorum

19 17 Angiostrongylus spp. (other species than listed) Anisakis spp. (and other marine ascarids, pathogenic for humans) Z Anopheles spp. 1 Z Anoplocephala magna Anoplocephala perfoliata Anoplocephaloides (syn. Paranoplocephala) wimerosa (and other species) Apatemon gracilis (syn. A. cobitis) Apatemon minor Aporina -> see Killigrewia Apophallus muehlingi ARACHNEA Archaeopsylla erinacei 1 Argas walkerae (toxinogenic) Z Argas spp. (non-toxinogenic) 1 Z Armillifer armilatus Z Ascaridia galli (and other species) Z Ascaris suum Z Ascarops strongylina Avioserpens taiwana (and other species) Amoebotaenia cuneata (syn. A. sphenoides) Avitellina centripunctata

20 18 Babesia spp. (all species pathogenic for animals) Z Babesiosoma spp. Balamuthia mandrillaris (GAE ) 3 Z Balantidium coli Z Baylisascaris columnaris Baylisascaris procyonis Z Besnoitia besnoiti (and other species) Bilharziella polonica Z Blastocystis hominis (and other species) 1 Z Boophilus annulataus (and other species) 1 Boophtora -> see Simulium Bovicola spp. Braula coeca 1 Brugia malayi Z Brugia pahangi Z Bunostomum trigonocephalum (and other species) Buxtonella sulcata 1 Calicophoron daubneyi (and other species pathogenic for animals) 1 Calliphora spp. Z Caloglyphus berlesei

21 19 Campanulotes bidentatus Capillaria spp. (pathogenic for animals and humans) Z Caryospora bigenetica and other species Catatropis verrucosa Ceratophyllus spp. 1 CESTODEA Chabertia ovina Cheilospirura -> see Acuaria Cheyletiella yasguri (and other species) Chilomastix equi and other species 1 Choanotaenia infundibulum Chorioptes bovis (and other species) Chrysomya spp. Chrysops caecutiens spp. 1 Chrysops spp. 1 Z Cimex spp. Z Cittotaenia denticulata Cittotaenia spp. -> see Mosgovoyia Clonorchis sinensis Z Clonorchis (= Opisthorchis) viverrini Z Cochliomyia hominivorax Z Cochlosoma anatis 1

22 0 Collyriclum faba Columbicola columbae Concinnum procyonis Contracaecum spiculigerum Cooperia oncophora (and other species) Cordylobia spp. (pathogenic for humans) Z Cotugnia digonopora Cotylophoron cotylophoron (and other species pathogenic for animals) Cotylurus cornutus Craterostomum acuticaudatum Crenosoma vulpis Cryptocotyle lingua Cryptosporidium parvum Z Cryptosporidium spp. (other species than listed) Z Ctenocephalides canis Ctenocephalides felis Ctenophalides spp. Z Culex spp. 1 Z Culicoides spp. 1 Z Culiseta spp. 1 Cyathospirura chabaudi (and other species)

23 1 Cyathostoma bronchiale Cyathostomum coronatum (and other species) Cylicocyclus nassatus (and other species) Cylicodontophorus bicoronatus (and other species) Cylicostephanus calicatus (and other species) Cystocaulus ocreatus Cystoisospora canis (and other species) Cytauxzoon felis Cytodites nudus Davainea proglottina Demodex spp. Dermacentor andersoni (toxinogenic) Z Dermacentor variabilis (toxinogenic) Z Dermacentor spp. (toxinogenic) Z Dermacentor spp. (non-toxinogenic) 1 Z Dermanissus gallinae Z Dermatobia hominis Dermatobia spp. (pathogenic for humans) Z Dermocystidium spp. Dicranotaenia coronula Dicrocoelium dendriticum Z

24 Dicrocoelium spp. (other species than listed, pathogenic to animals and/or humans) Dictyocaulus viviparus (and other species) DIGENEA Dioctophyme renale Z Diorchis stefanskii Dipetalonema (= Mansonella) perstans Z Diphyllobotrium latum Z Diphyllobotrium spp. (pathogenic for animals and/or humans) Diplopylidium noelleri (and other species pathogenic for animals) Z Dirofilaria immitis Z Dispharynx spiralis (syn D. nasuta) Dracunculus medinensis Z Draschia megastoma Drepanidotaenia (syn. Hymenolepis) lanceolata Echidnophaga gallinaceae Echinococcus granulosus RES / patent infections in hosts other stages 3 Z Echinococcus multilocularis RES / patent infections in hosts other stages 3 Z

25 3 Echinococcus vogeli RES / patent infections in hosts other stages 3 Z Echinococcus oligarthrus RES / patent infections in hosts other stages 3 Z Echinochasmus perfoliatus Echinolepis carioca Echinoparyphium recurvatum Echinostoma ilocanum Z Echinostoma revolutum (syn. E. trivolvis) and other species isolated from animals Echinuria uncinata Eimeria tenella Eimeria spp. (other species than listed) Elaeophora boehmi Elaphostrongylus spp. Encephalitozoon cuniculi Z Encephalitozoon spp. Z Endolimax nana 1 Z Entamoeba histolytica Z Entamoeba coli 1 Z Entamoeba cuniculi 1 Entamoeba gallinarum 1

26 4 Entamoeba ginigvalis 1 Z Entamoeba hartmanni 1 Z Enterocytozoon spp. Z Eomenacanthus stramineus Epidermoptes bilobatus Epieimeria spp. Epomidiostomum unicantum Eucoleus annulatus (and other species) Euparyphium melis Eurytrema pancreaticum Euschöngastia xerothermobia Eustrongylides papillosus (and other species) Falculifer rostratus Fannia spp. Z Fasciola gigantica Z Fasciola hepatica Z Fascioloides magna Fasciolopsis buski Felicola subrostratus Filaroides osleri (and other species) Filicollis anatis

27 5 Fimbriaria fasciolaris Gaigeria pachyscelis Gasterophilus spp. Gastrodiscoides hominis Z Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus Gastrodiscus secundus Gastrotaenia cygni (and other pathogenic species) Giardia lamblia (G. intestinalis, G. duodenalis) Z Globocephalus urosubulatus (syn. G. longemucronatus) Glossina morsitans spp.. 1 Glossina spp. 1 Glugea spp. Gnathostoma hispidum (and other species) Gongylonema pulchrum Z Gongylonema ingluvicola Goussia (syn. Eimeria) spp. Graphidium strigosum Gyalocephalus capitatus Habronema spp. Haemaphysalis spp. 1

28 6 Haematobia spp. 1 Haematopinus suis (and other species) Haematopota spp. 1 Z Haemodipsus ventricosus Haemogregarina spp. Haemonchus contortus (and other species) Haemoproteus meleagridis (and other species pathogenic for animals) Halicephalobus (syn. Micronema) deletrix Hammondia hammondi 1 Hammondia heydorni Harpyrhynchus nidulans Heptatoma pellucnes 1 Hepatozoon canis Heterakis gallinarum (and other species) Heterobilharzia americana Heterophyes heterophyes Z Hexamita (syn. Octomitus; syn. Spironucleus) spp. Hippobosca spp. 1 Histomonas meleagridis Holostephanus (syn. Cyathocotyloides) curonensis Hyalomma spp. 1

29 7 Hybomitra spp. 1 Hydrotaea spp. 1 Hymenolepis diminuta Z Hymenolepis spp. -> see also Drepanidotaenia and -> Microsomacanthus and -> Sobolevicanthus Hyostrongylus rubidus Hypodectes propus Hypoderaeum conoideum Hypoderma spp. Z Hyptiasmus arcuatus (syn. Cyclocoelum arcuatum) Hystrichis tricolor INSECTEA Isospora suis (and other species) Ixodes holocyclus Z Ixodes spp. (other species than listed and toxinogenic) Z Ixodes spp. (non-toxinogenic) 1 Z Jodamoeba buetschlii 1 Joyeuxiella pasqualei (and other species pathogenic for animals)

30 8 Klossiella equi 1 Killigrewia (syn Aporina) delafondi Knemidocoptes mutans (and other species) Lagochilascaris minor Laminosioptes cysticola Leishmania enriettii 1 Leishmania spp. (other species than listed, pathogenic for animals) Z Lepikentron ovis Leptosphyra velata Leucocytozoon simondi (and other species pathogenic for animals) Linognathus vituli (and other species) Linguatula serrata Z Lipeurus caponis Lipoptena spp. 1 Listrophorus gibbus Loma spp. Lucilia spp. Z Lutzomyia spp. 1 Z

31 9 Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus 1 Z Malpighamoeba spp. 1 Mansonella -> see Dipetalonema Mansonia spp. 1 Marshallagia marshalli Megninia columbae (and other species) Melophagus ovinus Menopon gallinae Mesocestoides spp. Metagonimus yokogawai Z Metastrongylus apri (and other species) Metorchis albidus Micronema -> see Halicephalobus Microsomacanthus (syn. Hymenolepis) compressa Microsomacanthus (syn. Hymenolepis) collaris Moniezia spp. Monocercomonas cuniculi 1 Moriella hortorum 1 Mosgovoyia ctenoides Mosgovoyia (syn. Cittotaenia) pectinata Muellerius capillaris Musca spp. 1

32 30 MYXOSPOREA (includes all species of fish-pathogenic Myxosporea and Oligohymenphorea) Nanophyetus salmincola Z Necator spp. Z NEMATODEA Nematodirus helvetianus (and other species) Neoknemidocoptes gallinae Neospora caninum (and other species) Neostrongylus linearis Neotrombicula (syn. Trombicula) autumnalis larvae other stages 1 Z Neotrombicula desalri larvae other stages 1 Z Nosema apis Nosema spp. (pathogenic for animals) Z Notocotylus attenuatus Notoedres cati Obeliscoides cuniculi Octomitus -> see Hexamita Odagmia -> Simulium

33 31 Oesophagodontus robustus Oesophagodontus spp. (pathogenic for animals and/or humans) Oestrus ovis OLIGOHYMENPHOREA (includes all species of fishpathogenic Myxosporea and Oligohymenphorea) Ollulanus tricuspis (and other species) Onchocerca cervicalis (and other species) Opisthorchis felineus Z Opisthorchis viverrini Z Ornithobilharzia spp. (pathogenic for animals and/or humans) Z Ornithocheyletia hallae Ornithodorus moubata (and other species) Ornithonyssus sylviarum Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus Ostertagia ostertagi (and other species) Otobius megnini 1 Otodectes cynotis Oxyspirura mansoni Oxyurus equi

34 3 Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha Parafilaria bovicola Parafilaria multipapillosa Paragonimus spp. (pathogenic for animals and/or humans) Z Parahistomonas wenrichi 1 Paramoeba spp. 1 Paramphistomum cervi (and other species pathogenic for animals) Paranoplocephala mamillana Paranoplocephala spp. -> see also Anoplocephaloides Parascaris equorum Parastrigea robusta Parastrongylus -> see Angiostrongylus Passalurus ambiguus Pelecitus mazzantii Paranoplocephala mamillana Pelodera (syn. Rhabditis) strongyloides dermatitica Pentatrichomonas hominis (and other species) 1 Phiophthalmus cupensis Phlebotomus spp. 1 Physaloptera praeputialis (and other species) Physocephalus sexalatus

35 33 Plagiorchis arcuatus Plasmodium gallinaceum (and other species pathogenic for avian animals) Pleistophora spp. Pneumocystis carinii Z Polymorphus minutus (syn. P. boschadis) Porrocaecum crassum Paranoplocephala mamillana Postharmostomum commutatum Poteriostomum imparidentatum (and other species) Probstmayria vivipara Protostrongylus rufescens (and other species) Prosthogonimus cuneatus (syn. P. pellucidus) (and other pathogenic species) Przhevalskiana silenus Pseudamphistomum truncatum Pseudodiscus collinsii Pseudoterranova decipiens Z Psilotrema simillimum Psorergates ovis Psorergates bos Psoroptes ovis (and other species)

36 34 Raillietia auris Raillietina (syn. Skrjabinia) cesticillus spp. (and other species pathogenic for animals) Raternia squamulata Retortamonas cuniculi 1 Rhabditis bovis Rhabditis spp. -> see also Pelodera Rhinoestrus purpureus Rhipicephalus spp. Rivoltasia bifurcata Sarcocystis spp. (isolated from humans) Z Sarcocystis tenella (and other species pathogenic for animals) Sarconema eurycerca Sarcophaga spp. Sarcoptes spp. Schistosoma japonicum (and other species pathogenic for animals and humans) Z Schizamoeba spp. 1 Setaria equina (and other species) Simondsia paradoxa Simulium spp. (syn. Boophtora, Odagmia, Wilhelmia) Z

37 35 Skrjabinema ovis Skrjabinia -> see also Raillietina Sobolevicanthus (syn. Hymenolepis) gracilis Solenopotes capillatus Spilopsyllus cuniculi 1 Spirocerca lupi Z Spirometra mansonoides (and other species pathogenic for animals and/or humans) Z Spironucleus (syn. Hexamita) spp. 1 Stephanofilaria stilesi (and other species) Stephanurus dentatus Stilesia globipunctata (and other species pathogenic for animals) Stomoxys calcitrans Streptocara crassicauda Streptocara pectinifera Strongyloides spp. Z Setaria equina (and other species) Strongylus vulgaris (and other species) Suifilaria suis Syngamus trachea

38 36 Tabanus bovinus spp. 1 Tabanus spp. 1 Z Taenia multiceps RES / patent infections in hosts other stages 3 Z Taenia saginata (and other species not listed) Z Taenia serialis RES / patent infections in hosts other stages 3 Z Taenia solium RES / patent infections in hosts other stages 3 Z Ternidens deminutus Z Tetrameres fissispina (syn Tropisurus fissispinus) Tetratrichomonas gallinarum (and other species) 1 Thecamoeba spp. 1 Thelazia lacrymalis (and other species pathogenic for animals and/or humans) Z Theileria spp. (all species pathogenic for animals) Therioplectes gigas 1 Thysaniezia ovilla Thysanosoma actinoides Toxascaris leonina Z Toxocara canis (and other species) Z Toxoplasma gondii Z

39 37 Tracheophilus sisowi Trachipleistophora spp. (isolated from humans) Trichinella spiralis Z Trichinella spp. (other species than listed) Z Trichobilharzia spp. (pathogenic for animals and/or humans) Z Trichodectes canis Trichomonas gallinae (and other species pathogenic for animals) Trichomonas rotunda 1 Trichostrongylus serratus (and other species) Z Trichuris suis (and other species) Triodontophorus serratus (and other species) Tritrichomonas enteris 1 Tritrichomonas foetus Tritrichomonas suis Trombicula -> see Neotrombicula Tropisurus -> see Tetrameres Trypanosoma spp. (species pathogenic for animals) Z Tunga penetrans Z Tyzzeria perniciosa

40 38 Uncinaria stenocephala Z Vahlkampfia spp. 1 Varroa jacobsoni Wenyonella anatis Werneckiella equi Wilhelmia -> see Simulium Willaertia spp. Wohlfartia spp. Z