On the nature of pleiotropy and its role for adaptation

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1 Research Collection Doctoral Thesis On the nature of pleiotropy and its role for adaptation Author(s): Polster, Robert Publication Date: 2013 Permanent Link: Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library

2 DISS. ETH NO On the nature of pleiotropy and its role for adaptation A dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Sciences presented by ROBERT POLSTER Dipl. Biomath., Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald born 28th of January, 1984 citizen of Germany Accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Sebastian L. Bonhoeffer, examiner Dr. Frédéric Guillaume, co-examiner Prof. Jérôme Goudet, co-examiner 2013

3 Summary A gene is called pleiotropic, when it affects multiple phenotypic characters. Act several pleiotropic genes on the same set of traits, we speak of modular pleiotropy. This property builds the basis for a modular genetic architecture of an organism. In this thesis I investigate how modular pleiotropy influences the evolvability of organisms and the adaptation of populations to new environments. For this, it is necessary to understand the genetic architecture of an organism and incorporate biological findings into theoretical models. In the past, many models were grounded on biological assumptions that recently have been found to be inappropriate. Therefore, I develop models and apply analyses in light of new biological insights to improve our understanding of evolutionary factors. First, I examine the nature of pleiotropy and its role in explaining the rate of molecular evolution among genes in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results on the distribution of pleiotropic degree and on the structure of the GP map are then incorporated into theoretical models of population dynamics. Using stochastic simulations I try to better understand what the driving forces of evolution are. Finally, I study the role of pleiotropy and epistasis in HIV by analyzing a large dataset of in-vitro fitness measurements of viruses sampled from infected patients. In this context I characterize constraints in resistance evolution in HIV. The contributions of this thesis in the field of evolutionary population genetics comprise extended knowledge about the role of pleiotropy for modularity and hence for evolvability and adaptation. Most importantly, I show that pleiotropy leads to strong evolutionary constraints in HIV, and that epistasis can relax these constraints by modifying the pleiotropic degree of mutations and increasing the genetic variation of the virus. This work also emphasizes the difficulties of drawing general conclusions about evolutionary principles. Even analyses of several datasets from the same species can lead to different conclusions about the evolutionary potential of the species. Therefore, it is important to develop theoretical models for testing evolutionary hypotheses under a variety of possible parameters and validate these models with empirical data and specific biological experiments. This is not only crucial for understanding the evolutionary past but also for predicting future developments, especially in the context of species extinction and climate change. vii

4 Zusammenfassung Ein Gen ist pleiotrop, wenn es mehrere phänotypische Merkmale beeinflusst. Wir sprechen von modularer Pleiotropie, wenn verschiedene pleiotrope Gene für die Variation in derselben Gruppe von Phänotypen verantwortlich sind. Diese Eigenschaft bildet die Grundlage für eine modulare genetische Architektur eines Organismus. In dieser Dissertation untersuche ich, wie modulare Pleiotropie die Evolution und Anpassung von Organismen an neue Umweltbedingungen beeinflusst. Dafür ist es unabdingbar die genetische Architektur eines Organismus zu verstehen und gewonnene Erkenntnisse über die Biologie in theoretische Modelle einzubauen. Viele Modelle beruhen auf biologischen Annahmen, die sich als unzutreffend erwiesen haben. Daher entwickle ich Modelle und wende Analysen an, die neue biologische Erkenntnisse berücksichtigen, um unser Verständnis von evolutionären Faktoren zu verbessern. Zunächst untersuche ich, wie häufig Pleiotropie im Modellorganismus Hefe (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) vorkommt und welche Rolle sie für die Geschwindigkeit der molekularen Evolution von Genen spielt. Die Erkenntnisse über die Verteilung der Pleiotropie und die Struktur der genetischen Architektur werden dann in theoretische Modelle zur Populationsdynamik eingebaut. Unter Verwendung von stochastischen Simulationen werde ich versuchen herauszufinden, welches die treibenden Kräfte der Evolution sind. Abschliessend studiere ich die Rolle von Pleiotropie und Epistase in HIV, indem ich einen umfangreichen Datensatz analysiere, in dem die Vermehrung von Viren unter dem Einfluss von Medikamenten gemessen wurde. In diesem Zusammenhang charakterisiere ich ebenso die Möglichkeiten für die Evolution von Resistenzen in HIV. Der Beitrag dieser Arbeit im Gebiet der evolutionären Populationsdynamik umfasst erweiterte Erkenntnisse über die Rolle von Pleiotropie für Modularität und damit für die Entwicklungsfähigkeit und Anpassung von Arten. Ein wesentliches Ergebnis ist, dass Pleiotropie zu starken evolutionären Einschränkungen in HIV führt, und dass Epistase diese Einschränkungen durch Modifikation der Pleiotropie von Mutationen verringern kann und die genetischen Variabilität des Virus erhöht. Diese Arbeit unterstreicht auch die Schwierigkeiten, allgemeine Schlüsse über evolutionäre Prinzipien zu ziehen. Selbst Analysen von mehreren Datensätzen der gleichen Spezies können zu unterschiedlichen Schlussfolgerungen über das evolutionäre Potenzial dieser Art ix

5 x führen. Daher ist es wichtig, theoretische Modelle zum Testen evolutionärer Hypothesen unter einer Vielzahl von möglichen Parametern zu entwickeln und diese Modelle mit empirischen Daten und spezifischen biologischen Experimenten zu validieren. Dies ist nicht nur entscheidend für das Verständnis der evolutionären Vergangenheit, sondern auch für die Prognose künftiger Entwicklungen, vor allem im Kontext des Artensterbens und des Klimawandels.

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