Fredrik Otto Lindeman Introduction to the Laryngeal Theory

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1 Fredrik Otto Lindeman Introduction to the Laryngeal Theory

2 The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture Oslo Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning Serie B: Skrifter LXXIV Fredrik Otto Lindeman Introduction to the Laryngeal Theory

3 Fredrik Otto Lindeman Introduction to the Laryngeal Theory Norwegian N p University Press L J: The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture

4 Norwegian University Press (Universitetsforlaget AS), 0608 Oslo 6 Distributed world-wide excluding Scandinavia by Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford 0X2 6DP London New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Kuala Lumpur Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associated companies in Beirut Berlin Ibadan Mexico City Nicosia The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture 1987 This book is a revised version of the author s Einführung in die Laryngaltheorie, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1970 (Sammlung Göschen Bd. 1247/1247A) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Norwegian University Press (Universitetsforlaget AS) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Lindeman, Fredrik Otto Introduction to the Laryngeal Theory. 1. Proto-Indo-European language Laryngeals I. Title 414 P572 ISBN ISBN Pbk Printed in Denmark by P. J. Schmidt A/S, Vojens

5 Contents Preface... 7 A bbrev iatio n s... 9 Note on the Use of S y m b o ls I General observations on the Laryngeal Theory In tro d u c tio n Main features of the Laryngeal Theory Ferdinand de Saussure II On the necessity of recognizing the actual existence of laryngeals in Early-Indo-European The ablaut of the disyllabic or heavy bases Hittite h III Laryngeal reflexes found in the various IE. languages Preliminary remark Laryngeals initially in the position before a following syllabic sound Laryngeals in internal position between syllabic sounds Laryngeals in the position after a non-syllabic and before a syllabic s o u n d Laryngeals in the position after a full grade vowel and before a non-syllabic sound (or in wordfinal p o sitio n ) Laryngeals in the position after a syllabic resonant and before a non-syllabic sound (or in wordfinal p o sitio n ) Laryngeal m etathesis Assimilation of a laryngeal and *y or *w The natural long diphthongs of Indo-European Prothetic vowels in Greek and Armenian.. 75

6 71-72 The Balto-Slavic in to n a tio n s The voiceless aspirates of Indo-Iranian On some mediae aspiratae in Indo-Iranian H ardening of certain laryngeals to k or g Laryngeals in the position between non-syllabics IV Phonology and laryngeals On the phonemic status of t h e laryngeals Conclusions Select B ib liography Index verborum Index nominum

7 Preface This book is a revised edition of my previous work Einführung in die Laryngaltheorie, Berlin 1970; much new material has been added and some passages from the first edition have been removed. The Laryngeal Theory is a powerful tool which is in constant use in the field of Indo-European studies. The theory, however, appears in many forms which occasionally may be mutually conflicting. Students of our discipline may therefore have difficulties in finding their way through this diversity. It is my hope that the present edition can be of some help in this respect. The presentation will necessarily be dominated by my personal views on the Laryngeal Theory, but I have tried to consider diverging views and hypotheses with an objective and critical mind. Some suggestions which I have found of little value, have been left out of my discussion. The word laryngeal always appears between inverted commas when referring to the Indo-European laryngeals whose phonetic nature is yet unknown. A special word of thanks to my colleague and friend Harald Bjorvand, who has gone through much of the new text and given me valuable pedagogical advice. Above all I am indebted to Professor Erich Neu (Ruhr-Universität-Bochum) for his encouragement and valuable assistance with the Anatolian m a terial. My manuscript was completed in M arch Fredrik Otto Lindeman

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9 Abbreviations A A L = Annual o f Armenian Linguistics ActOr = Acta Orientalia A IO N Sezione Linguistica = Annali dell Istituto Orientale di Napoli. Sezione Linguistica Anttila, Schwebeablaut Raimo Anttila, Proto-Indo-European Schwebeablaut, (University of California Publications Linguistics 58), 1969 AO = Archiv Orientâlni ArchLing = Archivum Linguisticum BBCS = The Bulletin o f the Board o f Celtic Studies. University of Wales Beekes, Development = R. S. P. Beekes, The Development o f the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Greek, (Janua Linguarum Studia Memoriae Nicolai Van Wijk Dedicata, Series Practica 42), 1969 Benveniste, H I Émile Benveniste, Hittite et indo-européen, Paris 1962 Benveniste, Origines = Émile Benveniste, Origines de la form a tion des noms en indo-européen, Paris, 1935 BiOr = Bibliotheca Orientalis Bono homini donum = Bono homini donum. Essays in Historical Linguistics in Memory o f J. Alexander Kerns, 1981 Brugmann, Grdr = Karl Brugmann and Berthold Delbrück, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen, 2. Auflage, Strassburg, BSL = Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris BSO AS = Bulletin o f the School o f Oriental and African Studies, London Chantraine, Dictionnaire = Pierre Chantraine, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Histoire des mots. Paris

10 10 INTRODUCTION TO THE LARYNGEAL THEORY Corolla linguistica = Corolla linguistica, Festschrift Ferdinand Sommer, Wiesbaden, 1955 Couvreur, H ett H = Walter Couvreur, De Hettitische H, een bijdrag tot de Studie van het Indo-Europeesche Vocalisme, (Bibliothèque du Muséon 5), Louvain, 1937 ÉC = Études Celtiques, Paris EngStud = Englische Studien, Heilbronn Ériu = Ériu founded as the Journal o f the School o f Irish Learning Devoted to Irish Philology and Literature, Dublin EvfL = Evidence fo r Laryngeals, second edition edited by Werner W inter (Janua Linguarum Studia Memoriae Nicolai Van Wijk Dedicata. Series M aior XI), 1965 Fachtagung V = Flexion und Wortbildung. Akten der V Fachtagung der indogermanischen Gesellschaft Regensburg, 9-14 September 1973, Wiesbaden 1975 Fachtagung VI = Lautgeschichte und Etymologie. Akten der VI. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft Wien, September 1978, Wiesbaden, 1980 Festschrift Neumann = Serta Indogermanica. Festschrift für Günter Neumann zum 60. Geburtstag, hsgg. von J.Tischler, Innsbruck, 1982 Festschrift Otten = Festschrift Heinrich Otten, 1973, hsgg. von E. Neu und Christel Rüster Festschrift Szemerényi = Studies in Diachronie, Synchronic, and Typological Linguistics. Festschrift für Oswald Szemerényi on the Occasion o f the 65th Birthday. 2 Vols., Amsterdam, 1979 FlorAnat = Florilegium Anatolicum, Mélanges offerts à Emmanuel Laroche, Paris, 1979 Friedrich, HethW b = Johannes Friedrich, Hethitisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg, 1952 Gamkrelidze, Laringal naja Teorija = T. V. Gamkrelidze, Chettskij Jazyk i laringal'naja Teorija (Akademija Nauk Gruzinskoj SSR), Tbilisi, 1960 Gedenkschrift Kronasser = Investigationes Philologicae et Comparativae. Gedenkschrift fü r Heinz Kronasser, hsgg. von E.Neu, Wiesbaden, 1982 Godel, Introduction = R.Godel, An Introduction to the Study o f Classical Armenian, Wiesbaden, 1975 HdO = Handbuch der Orientalistik Hethldg = Hethitisch und Indogermanisch. Vergleichende Studi-

11 ABBREVIATIONS 11 en zur historischen Grammatik und zur dialektgeographischen Stellung der indogermanischen Sprachgruppe Altkleinasiens, hsgg. von E. Neu und W. Meid (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. 25), 1979 Hirt, IdgGr = Hermann Hirt, Indogermanische Grammatik, 7 Bd., Heidelberg, HSCPh = Harvard Studies in Classical Philology IF Indogermanische Forschungen IIJ = Indo-Iranian Journal Ivanov, Obsceindoevropejskaja = V. Vs. Ivanov, Obsceindoevropejskaja praslavjanskaja i anatolijskaja jazykovye sistemy, Moskva, 1965 JAO S = Journal o f the American Oriental Society JIF S = The Journal o f Indo-European Studies JL = Journal o f Linguistics Kammenhuber, Hethitisch = Annelies Kammenhuber, Hethitisch, Palaisch, Luwisch und Hieroglyphenluwisch, HdO, 1. Abt., 2. Bd., 1. und 2. Abschnitt, 1969, pp Kratylos = Kratylos. Kritisches Berichts- und Rezensionsorgan fü r indogermanische und allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Wiesbaden Kronasser, E H S = Heinz Kronasser, Etymologie der hethitischen Sprache, Wiesbaden, 1962 ff Kronasser, VLFH = Heinz Kronasser, Vergleichende Laut- und Formenlehre des Hethitischen, Heidelberg, 1956 Kurylowicz, Apophonie = Jerzy Kurylowicz, Lapophonie en indo-européen, Wroclaw, 1956 Kurylowicz, ÉI Jerzy Kurylowicz, Études Indoeuropéennes I, Krakow, 1935 Kurylowicz, IdgGr 2 = Jerzy Kurylowicz, Indogermanische Grammatik 2. Akzent. Ablaut, Heidelberg, 1968 Kurylowicz, Problèmes = Jerzy Kurylowicz, Problèmes de linguistique indo-européenne (Polska Akademia Nauk Komitet Jçzykoznawstwa Prace Jçzykoznawcze 90), Wroclaw, 1977 K Z = Zeitschrift fü r vergleichende Sprachforschung (begründet von A. Kuhn) Lang = Language, Journal o f the Linguistic Society o f America, Baltimore Laroche, D LL = Emmanuel Laroche, Dictionnaire de la langue louvite, Paris, 1959

12 12 INTRODUCTION TO THE LARYNGEAL THEORY Lehmann, PIEPh = Winfred P. Lehmann, Proto-Indo-European Phonology, Austin, 1955 Lejeune, Phonétique historique = Michel Lejeune, Phonétique historique du mycénien et du grec ancien, Paris, 1972 Lindeman, E L = Fredrik Otto Lindeman, Einführung in die Laryngaltheorie, Berlin, 1970 Lindeman, Triple representation = Fredrik Otto Lindeman, The triple representation o f Schwa in Greek and some related problems o f Indo-European phonology, Oslo, 1982 Lindeman, Verschärfung = Fredrik O tto Lindeman, Les Origines indo-européennes de la Verschärfung germanique, Oslo, 1964 M artinet, Économie André M artinet, Économie des changements phonétiques (Bibliotheca Romanica, Series Prima Manualia et Commentationes X), 1955 Mayrhofer, AietymW b = Manfred Mayrhofer, Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen, Heidelberg, 1953 ff Mayrhofer, IdgGr 1 = Indogermanische Grammatik, Band I, 1. Halbband: Einleitung von W. Cowgill, Ins Deutsche übersetzt und bibliographisch bearbeitet von A. Bammesberger und M.Peters. 2. Halbband: Lautlehre (Segmentale Phonologie des Indogermanischen) von M anfred Mayrhofer, Heidelberg, 1986 Meillet, Esquisse = Antoine Meillet, Esquisse d une grammaire comparée de l arménien classique, 2e édition, Vienne, 1936 Meillet, Introduction = Antoine Meillet, Introduction à l étude comparative des langues indo-européennes, 8e édition, Paris, 1937 Mélanges Chantraine Mélanges de linguistique et de philologie grecques offerts à Pierre Chantraine, 1972 Mélanges F.Mossé = Mélanges de linguistique et de philologie Fernand Mossé in memoriam, Paris, 1959 Mélanges Grégoire II = Mélanges Henri Grégoire (Annuaire de l institut de philologie et d histoire orientales et slaves, Tome X), 1950 Mélanges Renou = Mélanges d indianisme à la mémoire de Louis Renou, Paris, 1968 Melchert, StH H Ph = H.Craig Melchert, Studies in Hittite Historical Phonology (Ergänzungshefte zur Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung Nr. 32), Göttingen, 1984

13 ABBREVIATIONS 13 Messing, SSP = Gordon M. Messing, Selected Studies in Indo- European Phonology, HSCPh Vol. LVI-LVII, 1947, 161 ff M S S Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft N T S = Norsk Tidsskrift fo r Sprogvidenskap Oettinger, Stammbildung = N.Oettinger, Die Stammbildung des hethitischen Verbums (Erlanger Beiträge zur Sprach- und Kultur-Wissenschaft Bd. 64), Nürnberg, 1979 O rns = Orientalia, Nova Series, Roma PBB Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur Pedersen, Hittitisch = Holger Pedersen, Hittitisch und die anderen indoeuropäischen Sprachen, Copenhagen, 1938 Pedersen, VKG = Holger Pedersen, Vergleichende Grammatik der Keltischen Sprachen, Bd. I, 1909, Bd. 2, 1913, Göttingen Peters, Untersuchungen = M. Peters, Untersuchungen zur Vertretung der indogermanischen Laryngale im Griechischen, Wien, 1980 PICL 7 = Proceedings o f the Seventh International Congress o f Linguists, London, 1952 [1956] PICL 8 = Proceedings o f the Eighth International Congress o f Linguists, Oslo, 1957 [1958] PICL 11 = Proceedings o f the Eleventh Congress o f Linguists, Bologna, 1972 [1974], 2 vols. Pokorny, IE W = Julius Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Bd. I. Bern, München Polomé, Reflexes of Laryngeals in Indo-Iranian = Edgar Polomé, Reflexes of Laryngeals in Indo-Iranian with special reference to the problem of the voiceless aspirates. Saga og sprâk. Studies in Languages and Literature, 1972, 233 ff Pratidänam = Pratidänam. Indian, Iranian and Indo-European Studies presented to F.B.J.Kuiper on his sixtieth Birthday (Janua Linguarum Studia Memoriae Nicolai Van Wijk Dedicata, Series M aior 34, M outon 1969). Puhvel, HED = Jaan Puhvel, Hittite etymological Dictionary, Vol. 1, Vol. 2, 1984 Puhvel, Laryngeals = Jaan Puhvel, Laryngeals and the Indo- European Verb, University of California Publications in Linguistics 1960 RBPh.H ~ Revue Belge de Philologie et d Histoire

14 14 INTRODUCTION TO THE LARYNGEAL THEORY REArm N S = Revue des Études Arméniennes, Nouvelle Série, Paris RH A = Revue Hittite et Asianique, Paris R L = Ricerche linguistiche. Bolle tino semes traie dell Istituto di Glottologia delvuniversità di Roma R V = Rig Veda Schmitt-Brandt, Vokalsystem = Robert Schmitt-Brandt, Die Entwicklung des indogermanischen Vokalsystems, Heidelberg, 1967 Schwyzer, GrGr Eduard Schwyzer, Griechische Grammatik, Erster Band, Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft, 2. Abt., 1. Reihe, 1. Band, München Sprache = Die Sprache. Zeitschrift fü r Sprachwissenschaft, Wien Stang, VerglGramm = Christian Stang, Vergleichende Grammatik der baltischen Sprachen, Oslo, 1966 StB ot = Studien zu den Bogazköy-Texten, hrsg. von der Kommission für den alten Orient der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Wiesbaden Studia Indoeuropejskie = Studia IndoeuropejskiejÉtudes Indo- Européennes. Ioanni Safarewicz septuagenario ab amicis collegis sodalibus animo oblatum gratissimo, 1974 Studies ArchAHill = Linguistic and Literary Studies in Honor o f Archibald A. Hill, The Hague, 1978 Studies Palmer = Studies in Greek, Italic, and Indo-European Linguistics Offered to L.R. Palmer, Innsbruck, 1976 Sturtevant, CG = Edgar H.Sturtevant and Adelaide Hahn, A Comparative Grammar o f the Hittite Language, New Haven, 1951 Sturtevant, IH L = Edgar H.Sturtevant, The Indo-Hittite Laryngeals, Baltimore, 1942 SymbGramm = Symbolae Grammaticae in Honorem Ioannis Rozwadowski I, Krakow, 1927 Szemerényi, Einführung = Oswald Szemerényi, Einführung in die vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft, 1970 Szemerényi, Syncope = Oswald Szemerényi, Syncope in Greek and Indo-European and the Nature o f Indo-European Accent, Naples, 1964 To Honor Roman Jakobson = To Honor Roman Jakobson (Janua Linguarum Studia Memoriae Nicolai Van Wijk Dedicata. Series M aior XXXI-XXXIII), M outon, 1967

15 ABBREVIATIONS 15 TPS = Transactions o f the Philological Society VJA = Voprosy Jazykoznanija VMU = Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta Watkins, IdgGr III/1 = Calvert Watkins, Indogermanische Grammatik, Bd. I l l/ 1, Geschichte der indogermanischen Verbalflexion, Heidelberg, 1969 ZC P = Zeitschrift fü r celtische Philologie Z P S K = Zeitschrift fü r Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung, Berlin

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17 Note on the Use of Symbols The notations for the laryngeals in this work are the following ones: *H\ = a neutral, non-colouring laryngeal (phonetically perhaps a voiceless dorso-palatal fricative [* ]. *H2 = an a-colouring laryngeal (phonetically perhaps a voiceless velar fricative [x], * //3 = an o-colouring laryngeal (phonetically perhaps a rounded velar fricative [xw]. The corresponding voiced phonemes are written *H\, *H2, * / / 3. *H an unspecified laryngeal. Kurylowicz, É1, 27 ff., cf. Apophonie, 19, uses the following symbols: *d\ = a neutral, non-colouring laryngeal. *d2 = a n a-colouring laryngeal. *a4 = an a-colouring laryngeal which has disappeared in A n atolian. *a3 = an o-colouring laryngeal. (In Studies Palmer 127 ff., Kurylowicz regards *a3 as the voiced partner of *a2). Sturtevant, IH L, 11 f., uses the following symbols: [ ] = a glottal stop with fronted timbre (= Kurylowicz s *Oi). [!] = a glottal stop with velar timbre (= Kurylowicz s *a4). [x] = a voiceless velar spirant ( = Kurylowicz s *o2). [y] = a voiced velar spirant ( = Kurylowicz s *o3).

18 18 INTRODUCTION TO THE LARYNGEAL THEORY In Sturtevant s CG, 55, [?] is written h. American laryngealists frequently use de Saussure s and M oller s symbols E, A, O. The ö-colouring laryngeal is written A wor H wby M artinet, cf. also Puhvel, EvfL, p. 92. Mayrhofer, IdgGr 1, 121 f., writes*//,, h2, hh and H ( = any laryngeal ).

19 I General Observations on the Laryngeal Theory 1-3 Introduction 1 To make it easier for the student to follow our presentation of the different aspects of the Laryngeal Theory, we will begin by giving a summary of the earlier predominant, traditional views on the Indo-European vowel system as we find them in the works of scholars like Hübschmann {Das indogermanische Vokalsystem, 1885), Brugmann (Grdr I, 1), Hirt (IdgGr 2) and others. 2 With the exception of a few minor m oot points, the classical doctrine assumes the following vowel-sounds for the parent Indo-European language: (short) *a, *o, *e, *i, *u, *d, and (long) *ä, *5, *ë, *ï and *w; *a, arising from the weakening of an original long vowel,1 *ä, *ö or *ë, is called Schwa indogermanicum. Schwa appears in Indo-Iranian as i, in Greek frequently as ë, ä, ö; in all other languages it has fallen together with IE. *a. Diphthongs: (short) *ai, *oi, *ei, *au, *ou, *eu, and (long) *äi, *ôi, *ëi, *äu, *öu and *ëu. Syllabic liquids and nasals: (short) *f, *[, *m, *n, and (long) *f, *f, *m and *«. 3 The parent Indo-European language had the following ablaut system (including short vocalic and long vocalic ablaut series)2: 1. i.e. a long vowel (*ä, *ö or *e) that does not come from a short vowel (*a, *o or *e) by lengthening, see Hirt, IdgGr 2, Formations involving the lengthened grade are left out of consideration here. See, however, 46 below.

20 20 INTRODUCTION TO THE LARYNGEAL THEORY Short vocalic ablaut series normal grade zero grade a) *e - *o zero Gk. pélomai polos épleto become axis b) The full grade vowel *ejo also occurs in combinations with semi-vowels (*/, *u), liquids (*r, *1) and nasals (*m, *n): normal grade zero grade Gk. leipo leave Goth, biuda bid Goth, baira carry léloipa *eu - *ou baup *er - *or bar élipon *u budum baurans etc. c) The *a/0-series. This ablaut, of rare occurrence in the parent language, remains disputed, cf. Hirt, IdgGr 2, 190. normal grade zero grade *a - *o Gk. ago lead ogmos furrow - d) The *fl/o-series in combinations with a semi-vowel: normal grade zero grade *ai - *oi *i Lat. aemidus Gk. oidma - swollen swell(ing) Gk. aithö kindle - itharôs cheerful Remark: Hirt, IdgGr 2, 54, assumes an ablaut *o - zero for the parent language. *o denotes an *o-vowel not alternating with *e, cf. IE. okkin Gk. össe the two eyes vis-à-vis Skt. ksana- instant, moment. Some scholars deny the existence of this *o, see e.g. Pedersen, K Z 36, 86 ff. Long vocalic ablaut series normal grade zero grade e) *<? - *5 *9 Lat. fë c ï Goth, doms Lat. factus judgement