The German Labor Market and the Internationalization of Work

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1 The German Labor Market and the Internationalization of Work Symposium Internationalization of Labor and Employment. Educating internationally-minded decision makers. Jutta Allmendinger, 16th October 2008, Tokyo

2 I. The Necessity to Think Internationally 2

3 Demographic Change 3

4 World Population, 2000 to billions Asia 5 Africa 4 3 Latin America 2 Europe 1 Northern America Oceania Source: United nations population division, medium variant 4

5 Population of the EU Member States, 2005 and 2050 Population (in millions) Malta Luxemburg Cyprus Estonia Slovenia Latvia Lithuania Ireland Finland Slovakia Denmark Bulgaria Austria Sweden Hungary Czech Republic Belgium Portugal Greece Netherlands Romania Poland Spain Italy United Kingdom France Germany Source: Retrieved September 30th, 2008, from EUROSTAT Online Database.

6 Age composition in Germany, 2005 to and above under 20 Source: Statistisches Bundesamt (2007): Bevölkerung Deutschlands bis koordinierte Bevölkerungsvorausberechnung. Wiesbaden, eigene Berechnungen 6

7 Occupational Change 7

8 Employment growth by industrial sector, Germany 1995 to 2005 research and development-intensive industry other industries upscale technology knowledge-intensive services advanced technology non-knowledge-intensive services Source: EUKLEMS-Datenbasis, Berechnungen und Schätzungen in Belitz H./Clemens, M./Gehrke B./Gornig, M./Legler, H./Leidmann M. (2008): Wirtschaftsstrukturen und Produktivität im internationalen Vergleich. Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem, Nr Berlin, Hannover 8

9 Employment persons in Germany by job profile highly skilled occupations managerial positions qualified jobs skilled jobs auxiliary activity Source: IAB-Kurzbericht 20/2003 9

10 Educational Change 10

11 Educational expansion in Germany, 1955 to 2005 upper secondary school comprehensive school sldkfjölajlkasdf secondary school schools with several comprehensive school educational backgrounds lower secondary school Students in the 8th school year Source: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) 2007: 18. Sozialerhebung. Berlin/Bonn: BMBF 11

12 Female school leavers, by degree, Germany upper secondary school secondary school lower secondary school without lower secondary certificate Bis 1990 früheres Bundesgebiet, ab 1995 inklusive Ostdeutschland / Quellen: BMBF (2004): Grund- & Strukturdaten, Bonn; Statistisches Bundesamt (2007): Fachserie 11, Reihe 1, Bildung & Kultur, Wiesbaden 12

13 Changing Employment Patterns 13

14 Employment rates of males and females 1991 and 2006 In percent of the age-group Scource: Statistisches Bundesamt, Mikrozensus. 14

15 Age-specific employment rates of males with and without children 2004 males with children males without children Scource: Statistisches Bundesamt, Mikrozensus. 15

16 Age-specific employment rates of females with and without children 2004 females without children females with children Scource: Statistisches Bundesamt, Mikrozensus. 16

17 Labour Market Mismatch 17

18 Unemployment rates in Germany since 1970 Total West Germany East Germany Source: German Federal Employment Agency [Bundesagentur für Arbeit]

19 Unemployment rates by educational attainment in West- and East Germany, 2005 % West Germany Germany 20,6% No vocational qualification 11,8% 9,7% 4,1% TOTAL Upper secondary / tertiary B Tertiary A East Germany West Germany Source: IAB-Berechnungen auf Basis Mikrozensus und Strukturerhebungen der BA. In: Reinberg/Hummel

20 II. The Reality of International Mobility 20

21 Most important countries of origin of foreign students in Germany Source: Hochschulstandort Deutschland 2007, Statistisches Bundesamt. 21

22 Ranking of most important countries of origin of foreign-students in Germany 2006 (nur Bildungsausländer) Source: Wissenschaft weltoffen DAAD/HIS 22

23 Mobility of students: The 10 most important host countries and countries of origin Source: OECD education online Database. 23

24 Target areas of german scientists and countries of origin of foreign scientist in Germany target origin Source: ZEW 2006, Befragung Wissenschaftler. In: Edler

25 German scientists abroad 2006 Vereinigte Staaten UK Frankreich Russische Föderation Italien Japan Schweiz Australien Kanada China Polen Niederlande Spanien Ungarn Israel Schweden Österreich Indien Brasilien Bulgarien Tschechische Türkei Mexiko Rumänien Neuseeland Dänemark Südafrika Chile Süd-Korea Argentinien Belgien Arab. Republik Syrien Norwegen Finnland Ukraine Thailand Source: Wissenschaft Weltoffen; DAAD, HIS 2008 (Datengrundlage: ICE-Datenbank; Online-Befragung). 25

26 Foreing scientists in Germany 2006 Russische Föderation China Indien Vereinigte Staaten Polen Italien Ukraine Frankreich Brasilien Spanien Rumänien Japan Mexiko Bulgarien Türkei Ungarn Vietnam Indonesien Vereinigtes Königreich Niederlande Ägypten Israel Kanada Australien Österreich Tschechische Republik Pakistan Argentinien Kolumbien Äthiopien Süd-Korea Weißrußland Venezuela Griechenland Chile Slowakei Taiwan Kenia Iran, Islamische Georgien Armenien Schweiz Kasachstan Jordanien Irak Usbekistan Belgien Kamerun Source: Wissenschaft Weltoffen; DAAD, HIS 2008 (Datengrundlage: ICE-Datenbank; Online-Befragung).

27 Highly skilled migrants from OECD and non-oecd countries, by OECD country of residence, 2001 Source: OECD Database on Immigrants and Expatriates. In: The Global Competition for Talent. Mobility of the Highly Skilled. OECD

28 Immigrant and emigrant population 15 years and over with a tertiary education in OECD countries, 2001 Source: OECD Database on Immigrants and Expatriates. In: The Global Competition for Talent. Mobility of the Highly Skilled. OECD

29 Expatriates in OECD countries, as a percantage of all native-born, by OECD countries of birth, 2001 ffdf Source: OECD Database on Immigrants and Expatriates. In: The Global Competition for Talent. Mobility of the Highly Skilled. OECD

30 III. Present Reforms Labour Market Immigration Law University System 30

31 Source:

32 Academic Ranking of World Universities 2007 USA UK Top 100: Countries Japan, Germany Canada, France, Sweden Switzerland Netherlands, Australia Norway, Russia, Denmark, Finland USA: 1-3, 5-19, 21,26, 28-35, 37-39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 58, 60, 61, 68, 70, 74, 75, 78, 80, 83, 87, 90, 91, 93, 96, 97 UK: 4, 10, 23, 25, 48, 53, 62, 72, 81, 83, 92 Germany: 53, 56, 65, 87, 94, 99 Japan: 20, 22, 67, 76, 94, 99 Canada: 23, 36, 63, 87 France: 39, 52, 83, 99 Sweden: 53, 66, 86, 97 Switzerland: 27, 58, 82 Netherlands: 42, 71 Australia: 57, 79 Norway: 69 Russia: 76 Denmark: 46 Finland: 73 Top 100: Places Source: ( ) 32

33 Thanks for your attention