Operating Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

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1 Diss. ETH No Operating Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells with ReformeciFuel A dissertationsubmitted to the SWISS FEDERALINSTITUTEOF TECHNOLOGY ZÜRICH for the degree of Doctorof Technical Sciences presented by Lorenz Gubler Dipl. Wet-kstoff-lng. ETH born on August 14, 197i Citizen of Grenchen, SC) accepted on the recommendationof Prof. Dr. zv. Wokaun,examiner Prof. Dr. A. Baiker, co-examiner Dr. G. G. Scherer, co-examiner»001

2 Summary Tliis study deals with the problem of using reformate in.ste.ad of pure hydrogen polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC). guidelines throughout the thesis. As a starting point, the meüiods of fuel processing cleanup, and the implications of using reformate as fuel in the as fuel in die The terms "reformate-" and "CO tolerance" acted as and CO PEFC were discussecl. Under Standard operating conditions of the PEFC, i.e.. cell ternperatures of 60 to 80 C, strong degradation of the Performance is of only 10 to 100 ppm CO, which is observed using Standard platinumcatalyst at CO contents the ränge of CO at the outlet of the fuel processor under stationary and dynamic conditions, respectively. The PEFC therefore needs to prove high CO tolerance in this concentration ränge to provide high power density and efficiency of the fuel cell. Due to the importance of assessmg CO tolerance, an entire chapter was dedicated to identifying methods for quantitative characterization of CO tolerance. One commonly used and meaningful method is the comparison of Performance using pure hydrogen and CO containing hydrogen as fuel. The difference in Performance can be translated to loss in efficiency due to the presence of CO. In the main part of the work, the CO- and reformate tolerance were exp.lo.red, using two different types of fuel cell hardware. It was found that the CO tolerancein the ränge of ppm CO was low with efficiency losses between 20 and 50 % at practical current densities and a cell temperature The increase of operating temperature up to of 60 C, using Pt/C and Pt-Ru/C as anode electrocatalysts. 100 C proved to be very effective. The critical current density, a measure for CO tolerance. increased with an apparent activation energy of ~60 kj/mol. Füll toleranceto 100 ppm CO is expected to be achieved at a fuel cell operating temperature of 120 C. At 60 C, complete tolerance to 100 ppm CO was achieved by injeetion of low levels of oxygen into the fuel stream ("O? -" or "air bleeding"). This method turned out to be sensitive to the fuel cell design, probably due to contact time effects. The suseeptibility towards O2 bleeding could be increased by using a bilayer anode, which comprises a gas phase catalyst layer active for CO removal. Appropriate electrode design is bclicved to be an importanttool to improve CO toleranceunder given conditions. The effect of N2 and CO2 in concentrations of 20 and 40 % in H2 were also investigated. With N2, only minor Performance losses, caused by the dilution of the hydrogen, were

3 observed, whereas CO2 lead to a higher performance loss. CO2 is electrochemicallynot inert, in contrast to N2, as it forms weak adsorbates on the surface of the catalyst, lcading to slight catalyst poisoning, which can also be recovered by O2 bleeding. Compared to CO in the ränge of 10 to 100 ppm, however,the poisoning effect of 20 % CO2 is secondary. Tn an independent chapter, co-sputtering of carbon and platinum was assessed as an alternative method to wet chemical processes to prepare electrocatalysts for fuel cells. A carbon target was modifiedwith platinum wrres and mlays to obtain the desired Pt/C ratio of around 40 wt% in the deposited films. Various methods to determine the compositionof the layers were employed. Structural characterization revealed that the platinum was dispersed in small domains of a few nanometer size in a carbon matrix. The carbon was highly disordered amorphous carbon, most probably diamoncuike, with a relatively high resistivity of ~ 100 Dem. The electrochemically active area of a co-sputtered Pt/C electrode was three times higher than for a sputtered pure platinum electrode with equal metal loading;. Tn a fuel cell experiment, a co-sputtered anode with a platinum loading of 0.2 mg/cm2 was used. The Performance was relatively low and showed further degradation over an operating time of 600 h. Furhter work is recpired to improve the performance and stability of co-sputtered elcctrodes. A laboratory-scale link up of a fuel cell with an electric power output of around 20 W and a refomer was carried out. The fuel processor consisted of an autothermal methanol reformer and a preferential oxidation rcactor for CO cleanup. CO output between <10 and 500 ppm. Other ttace impurities and dimethyl-etlier. Under Optimum reformate conditions,good performance was obtained, with an efficiency losses of less than 10 % compared to pure hydrogen concentration vaned in the reformate were methane, methanol of the fuel cell as fuel over the entire current density ränge. Yet further work is recpired to improve the stability of the fuel processor output.

4 Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Problemkreis der Verwendung von reformierten Brennstoffen anstatt reinem Wasserstoff in der Polymerelektrolyt Brennstoff zelle. Die Begriffe "Reformati"und "CO Toleranz" bildeten den Leitfaden der Arbeit. Als Ausgangspunkt wurden Verfahren für die Brcnnstoffaufbereitimg in Reformern und Methoden für die CO-Fcinrcinigungvorgestellt, und Implikationen bei der Verwendung von Reformat als Brennstoff in der Brennstoffzelle diskutiert. Unter den üblichen Betriebs bedingungen, d.h. einer Zelltemperatur zwischen 60 und 80 C, wird bereits bei einem CO- Gehalt im Brenngas von 10 bis 100 ppm eine starke Verschlechterung der Zelleistung beobachtet. Diese Konzentration von CO wird typischerweise am Ausgang der CO- Feinreinigungsstufe erreicht. Die Brennstoffzelle muss demnach eine hohe Toleranz gegenüberco in diesem Konzentrationsbereich aufweisen,um eine hoheleistungsdichte bei gleichzeitig hohem Wirkungsgrad zu erreichen. Aufgrund der zentralen Bedeutung der CO- Toleranz wurden in einem gesonderten Kaptiel verschiedene Ansätze zur quantitativen Bewertung der CO-Toleranz identifiziert und beurteilt. Eine gängige und aussagekräftige Methode ist der Leistungsvergleich zwischen Betrieb mit CO-haltigcm und reinem PL. Der ZellspannungsUnterschied lässt sich in einen Wirkungsgradverlust umrechnen. Im Haupttei! der Arbeit wurden Experimente zur CO- und Refo.rnia.t-Toiera.nz in zwei unterschiedlichen Klcinzellen-Typen durchgeführt. Bei einer Zelltemperatur von 60 C und sowohl mit Pt/C als auch Pt-Ru/C als Anodenkatalysator wurden Wirkungsgradvcrlustc von 20 bis 50% beobachtet bei einem CO-Gehalt von 10 bis 100 ppm und gängigen Sttomdichten. Die Erhöhung der Zelltemperatur auf 100 C erwies sich als sehr wirkungsvoll. Die kritische Stromdichte, ein Mass für die CO-Toleranz, erhöhte sich mit einer scheinbaren.aktivierungsenergie von rund 60 kj/mol. Vollständige Toleranz gegenüber 100 ppm CO wird bei 120 C erwartet Bei 60 C wurdevollständigeco Toleranz mittels 02-Zugabe zum Brenngas erreicht. Die Wirksamkeit dieser Methode war stark abhängig von der Zelllionstruktion, wahrscheinlich aufgrund von Verweilzcit-Effekten. Die Empfänglichkeit für die Methode der Oa-Zugabe konnte erhöht werden durch die Verwendung einer ZawYVYYnode, die eine Gasphasen-Katalysatorschicht enthält, welche eine hohe CO- Oxidationsaktivität aufweist. Die adäquate Strnktutung der Anode ist offensichtlich ein wichtiges Instrument, um die CO-Toleranz unter gegebenen Umständenzu verbessern.

5 40 Der Einfluss von N2 und CO2, in Konzentrationenvon 20 und 40 %, wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Mit N2 wurde nur eine geringfügige Einbusse der Zclleistungbeobachtet, bewirkt durch die Verdünnung des FL. CO> hingegen führte zu einer stärkeren Verschlechterung der Leistuno-, CO? ist im Gegensatz zu N? nicht inert, sondern bildet Adsorbate auf der Oberfläche des Katalysators. Dies führt: zu einer milden Art der Katalysator-Vergiftung, welche wiederumdurch 02-Zugabe zum Brenngas vermindertwerdenkann. Verglichen mit dem Einflussvon ppm CO ist - der Einflussvon 20 % CO2 jedoch zweitrangig. In einem unabhängigen Kapitel wurde Co-sputtern von Kohlenstoff und Platin als alternatives Verfahren zur Herstellung von Elektrokatalysatoren für Brennstoffzellen untersucht. Dabei wurde ein Kohlenstoff-Target durch Anbringen und Einlassen von Pt Draht derart modifiziert, dass in den gesputterten Schichten ein PtiGehalt von rund 40 Gewichtsprozent erhalten wurde. Verschiedene Techniken wurden um angewandt, die chemische Zusammensetzung der Schichten zu bestimmen. Die Struktaraufldärung offenbarte, dass das Pt in Domänen von einigen Manometern Grösse, eingebettet in einer Kohlenstoff-Matrix, vorliegt. Der Kohlenstoff is hochgradig amorph und höchst wahrscheinlich diamantartig, mit einem relativ hohen spezifischen Widerstand von ~'l 00 0cm. Die elektrochemisch aktive Fläche einer co-gesplitterten Pt/C Elektrode war dreimal grösser als che einer gesputterten Reln-Pt Elektrode mit gleicher Pt-Beladung. In einem Brennstoffzellen-Versuch wies die co-gesputterte Elektrode jedoch eine schlechte Leistung und schlechte Langzeitstabilität auf. Weitergehende Arbeiten die Leistung und Stabilität co-gesputterterelektrodenzu verbessern. Es wurde eine Verbindung Leistungsbereich sind erforderlich, um Im Labormassstab von Reformer und Brennstoffzelle mit 20W realisiert. Methanol wurde autothermreformiertund das Ro.hrefo.rmat anschliessend in einem selektiven CO~OxidatIons.rea.ktor femgereinigt. Der CO-Gehalt des Refo.rmat.es schwankte zwischen <10 und 500 ppm. Andere Veninre.inigu.ngen waren Methanol, Methan und Dimethylether. Unter optimalen Reformerbedingungen wurde eine gute Leistung der Brennstoffzelle erhalten mit einem Wirkungsgradverlust verglichen mit Rein-FL Betrieb von weniger als 10 % über den gesainten Stromdichtebereich. Die Stabilität des Reformersystems war jedoch ungenügend und bedarf noch weitererverbesserungen.

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